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<p>This study explores the microwave-induced thermo-mechanical behavior of a PLA and ferromagnetic-PLA dual-material composite for 4D-printing applications. The specimens were 3D printed using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method, with fixed planar dimensions and varying specimen heights (1, 1.5, and 2&#xa0;mm). A strategic layering approach was used to 3D print specimens to achieve a differential temperature gradient across the layers, while microwave exposure at 2.45&#xa0;GHz and 700&#xa0;W. It results in shape actuation due to the different microwave-absorbing capacities of PLA and ferromagnetic-PLA. Experimental observations revealed that thinner specimens undergo the maximum bending, while thicker specimens exhibit the least bending due to the flexural stiffness and differential microwave absorption between PLA and ferromagnetic-PLA. Multiphysics simulations of microwave heating for dual-material structures were conducted using a coupled electromagnetic-thermal-mechanical model. The electromagnetic field distribution, thermal response, and structural deformation were simulated. A reasonable agreement was obtained between the experimental and simulation results. This study demonstrates the viability of employing microwave-induced composite structures for programmable shape-shifting applications.</p>

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Microwave-Induced Shape Actuation for 4D Printing of PLA-Ferromagnetic PLA Structures through a Strategic Layering Approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月25日

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  • Ujjawal Pandey,
  • Sachin Shishodia,
  • Ratnesh Kumar Raj Singh,
  • Udit Narayan Pal,
  • Radha Raman Mishra

摘要

This study explores the microwave-induced thermo-mechanical behavior of a PLA and ferromagnetic-PLA dual-material composite for 4D-printing applications. The specimens were 3D printed using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method, with fixed planar dimensions and varying specimen heights (1, 1.5, and 2 mm). A strategic layering approach was used to 3D print specimens to achieve a differential temperature gradient across the layers, while microwave exposure at 2.45 GHz and 700 W. It results in shape actuation due to the different microwave-absorbing capacities of PLA and ferromagnetic-PLA. Experimental observations revealed that thinner specimens undergo the maximum bending, while thicker specimens exhibit the least bending due to the flexural stiffness and differential microwave absorption between PLA and ferromagnetic-PLA. Multiphysics simulations of microwave heating for dual-material structures were conducted using a coupled electromagnetic-thermal-mechanical model. The electromagnetic field distribution, thermal response, and structural deformation were simulated. A reasonable agreement was obtained between the experimental and simulation results. This study demonstrates the viability of employing microwave-induced composite structures for programmable shape-shifting applications.