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<p>To improve the tribological performance of copper-based friction materials under high-speed braking conditions, TiC was introduced into copper-based friction materials. TiC-reinforced copper-based friction materials were fabricated using powder metallurgy (PM), and the effects of TiC content on microstructure, density, hardness, and friction and wear behavior at braking speeds of 150-350&#xa0;km/h were systematically investigated. The results show that the density decreases from 5.19 to 4.92&#xa0;g cm<sup>−3</sup> with increasing TiC content, while the hardness first increases and then decreases, reaching a maximum of 20.1 HBW at 2 wt.% TiC due to dispersion strengthening. As the braking speed increases, the friction coefficient exhibits a non-monotonic trend within the range of 0.37-0.41, while the wear rate first decreases and then increases. The optimal tribological performance is achieved at 2 wt.% TiC, which shows a stable friction coefficient and the lowest wear rate of 1.201 × 10<sup>−8</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/J at 200&#xa0;km/h, which enhances the load-bearing capacity and suppresses crack propagation. With a further increase in TiC content, particle agglomeration occurs and the wear mechanism transforms from abrasive wear to fatigue and delamination wear. This study provides new insights into the optimization of TiC-reinforced copper-based friction materials for high-speed braking applications.</p>

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Influence of TiC on the Tribological Properties of Copper-Based Powder Metallurgy Friction Materials

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月17日

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  • Yan Wang,
  • Jinkuan Liu,
  • Pengrao Pang,
  • Xiangkui Zhou,
  • Shen Wu,
  • Jianglei Fan

摘要

To improve the tribological performance of copper-based friction materials under high-speed braking conditions, TiC was introduced into copper-based friction materials. TiC-reinforced copper-based friction materials were fabricated using powder metallurgy (PM), and the effects of TiC content on microstructure, density, hardness, and friction and wear behavior at braking speeds of 150-350 km/h were systematically investigated. The results show that the density decreases from 5.19 to 4.92 g cm−3 with increasing TiC content, while the hardness first increases and then decreases, reaching a maximum of 20.1 HBW at 2 wt.% TiC due to dispersion strengthening. As the braking speed increases, the friction coefficient exhibits a non-monotonic trend within the range of 0.37-0.41, while the wear rate first decreases and then increases. The optimal tribological performance is achieved at 2 wt.% TiC, which shows a stable friction coefficient and the lowest wear rate of 1.201 × 10−8 cm3/J at 200 km/h, which enhances the load-bearing capacity and suppresses crack propagation. With a further increase in TiC content, particle agglomeration occurs and the wear mechanism transforms from abrasive wear to fatigue and delamination wear. This study provides new insights into the optimization of TiC-reinforced copper-based friction materials for high-speed braking applications.