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<p>This study examines the flexural strength of 3&#xa0;mm soda-lime float glass by systematically comparing the air and tin sides under three distinct crosshead speeds (0.03, 0.165, and 0.3&#xa0;mm&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup>) in three-point flexure, and by modelling the fracture-stress statistics with a two-parameter Weibull distribution. Surface morphology on both sides is characterised by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and 3D confocal microscopy using ISO 25178 roughness parameters, in order to relate micro-topography (average roughness, peaks, and deep valleys) to the population of critical flaws governing crack initiation. The results reveal a marked surface asymmetry: the tin side exhibits slightly higher average asperities, whereas the air side shows deeper cavities, which are more likely to act as preferential crack-initiation sites under slow or long-duration loading. Weibull analysis highlights side-dependent strength distributions, with distinct shape (<i>β</i>) and scale (<i>η</i>) parameters reflecting different defect populations. Increasing the loading rate produces, for both sides, an approximately 28-30% rise in the characteristic stress <i>η</i> and a concurrent increase in <i>β</i>, particularly on the tin side, indicating rate-dependent strengthening and an improvement in statistical reliability due to the limitation of subcritical crack growth.By quantitatively linking surface asymmetry, defect statistics, and flexural reliability as a function of loading rate, this work provides design-oriented guidelines for selecting the loaded face in glazing assemblies, optimising manufacturing and surface-treatment conditions, and reducing failure probability in structural, architectural, and solar-panel applications.</p>

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Weibull Analysis of Flexural Strength and Surface Asymmetry in Soda-Lime Float Glass Under Varying Loading Rates

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • Oualid Dairi,
  • Mohamed Ilyes Habia,
  • Mohamed Hamidouche,
  • Zahra Malou Hamidouche,
  • Tarek Bali,
  • Akram Zegadi,
  • Mohamed Liamine Bella

摘要

This study examines the flexural strength of 3 mm soda-lime float glass by systematically comparing the air and tin sides under three distinct crosshead speeds (0.03, 0.165, and 0.3 mm min−1) in three-point flexure, and by modelling the fracture-stress statistics with a two-parameter Weibull distribution. Surface morphology on both sides is characterised by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and 3D confocal microscopy using ISO 25178 roughness parameters, in order to relate micro-topography (average roughness, peaks, and deep valleys) to the population of critical flaws governing crack initiation. The results reveal a marked surface asymmetry: the tin side exhibits slightly higher average asperities, whereas the air side shows deeper cavities, which are more likely to act as preferential crack-initiation sites under slow or long-duration loading. Weibull analysis highlights side-dependent strength distributions, with distinct shape (β) and scale (η) parameters reflecting different defect populations. Increasing the loading rate produces, for both sides, an approximately 28-30% rise in the characteristic stress η and a concurrent increase in β, particularly on the tin side, indicating rate-dependent strengthening and an improvement in statistical reliability due to the limitation of subcritical crack growth.By quantitatively linking surface asymmetry, defect statistics, and flexural reliability as a function of loading rate, this work provides design-oriented guidelines for selecting the loaded face in glazing assemblies, optimising manufacturing and surface-treatment conditions, and reducing failure probability in structural, architectural, and solar-panel applications.