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<p>Surface oxidation during hot rolling significantly influences the final surface quality of stainless steels. Most of the previous research has focused on oxidation temperatures below 1000&#xa0;°C, whereas industrial reheating generally takes place at temperatures between 1200 and 1260&#xa0;°C. This study explores the high-temperature oxidation characteristics of AISI 304 and AISI 304L stainless steels at these temperatures for durations up to 4&#xa0;h, with oxygen flow rates varying from 2.5 to 8.5&#xa0;dm<sup>3</sup>/min. Oxide scales were characterized using SEM, EDS, XRD, EPMA, and Raman spectroscopy. AISI 304 exhibited faster oxide growth and developed thicker, stickier scales composed primarily of iron oxides, nickel–ferrous spinel, and iron–chromium spinel. In contrast, AISI 304L formed thinner, more uniform oxide layers containing iron oxides, manganese oxides, chromium–manganese spinel, and chromium oxides. The presence of manganese-rich oxides in 304L suppressed scale thickening and enhanced surface protection. Surface roughness measurements confirmed that AISI 304 resulted in higher roughness compared to 304L, linking oxide-scale characteristics to final surface finish. These findings highlight the influence of alloy composition on oxidation behavior and establish AISI 304L as a preferred choice for applications requiring superior surface quality.</p>

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High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior Vis-À-Vis Oxide-Scale Characterization of AISI 304 and 304L Austenitic Stainless Steels

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月23日

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  • Daitari Kamila,
  • Manisha Kar,
  • Awanindra Kumar Singh,
  • Amritendu Roy

摘要

Surface oxidation during hot rolling significantly influences the final surface quality of stainless steels. Most of the previous research has focused on oxidation temperatures below 1000 °C, whereas industrial reheating generally takes place at temperatures between 1200 and 1260 °C. This study explores the high-temperature oxidation characteristics of AISI 304 and AISI 304L stainless steels at these temperatures for durations up to 4 h, with oxygen flow rates varying from 2.5 to 8.5 dm3/min. Oxide scales were characterized using SEM, EDS, XRD, EPMA, and Raman spectroscopy. AISI 304 exhibited faster oxide growth and developed thicker, stickier scales composed primarily of iron oxides, nickel–ferrous spinel, and iron–chromium spinel. In contrast, AISI 304L formed thinner, more uniform oxide layers containing iron oxides, manganese oxides, chromium–manganese spinel, and chromium oxides. The presence of manganese-rich oxides in 304L suppressed scale thickening and enhanced surface protection. Surface roughness measurements confirmed that AISI 304 resulted in higher roughness compared to 304L, linking oxide-scale characteristics to final surface finish. These findings highlight the influence of alloy composition on oxidation behavior and establish AISI 304L as a preferred choice for applications requiring superior surface quality.