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<p>Our aim is to study, synthesize and characterize titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) and cadmium sulfide (CdS)-doped titanium dioxide (CdS-TiO<sub>2</sub>) thick-film sensors with varying CdS concentrations (1–2 wt.%) and to evaluate their humidity-sensing performance through impedance analysis under controlled relative humidity conditions. The TiO<sub>2</sub> and 1-2 wt.% CdS-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> thick-film sensors were fabricated using a cheap and&#xa0;simple method. TiO<sub>2</sub> and CdS-TiO<sub>2</sub> pastes were prepared by mixing of&#xa0;acetic acid with Lebolin solvent, deposited onto alumina substrates, and annealed at 200&#xa0;°C. The films were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to examine their microstructural properties. Humidity-sensing performance was evaluated through impedance measurements at various frequencies under controlled relative humidity conditions. The incorporation of CdS into TiO<sub>2</sub> significantly enhanced electrical conductivity and sensing performance. The 1 wt.% CdS-TiO<sub>2</sub> sensor exhibited the highest average sensitivity (4.19 MΩ/%RH at 50&#xa0;Hz) across all tested frequencies, while the 2 wt.% CdS-TiO<sub>2</sub> sensor demonstrated faster response (14.1&#xa0;sec.) and recovery times (21.87&#xa0;sec.). These results indicate that CdS-TiO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites are promising materials for humidity&#xa0;sensing applications.</p>

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Effect of Low CdS Incorporation on the Humidity Sensing Characteristics of TiO2 Thick-Film Sensors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • Ankit Kumar Vishwakarma,
  • Arpit Verma,
  • Anand Kumar Vishwakarma,
  • Dilip Kumar Dwivedi,
  • Nutan Sharma,
  • Arjun Kumawat,
  • Lallan Yadava

摘要

Our aim is to study, synthesize and characterize titanium dioxide (TiO2) and cadmium sulfide (CdS)-doped titanium dioxide (CdS-TiO2) thick-film sensors with varying CdS concentrations (1–2 wt.%) and to evaluate their humidity-sensing performance through impedance analysis under controlled relative humidity conditions. The TiO2 and 1-2 wt.% CdS-doped TiO2 thick-film sensors were fabricated using a cheap and simple method. TiO2 and CdS-TiO2 pastes were prepared by mixing of acetic acid with Lebolin solvent, deposited onto alumina substrates, and annealed at 200 °C. The films were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to examine their microstructural properties. Humidity-sensing performance was evaluated through impedance measurements at various frequencies under controlled relative humidity conditions. The incorporation of CdS into TiO2 significantly enhanced electrical conductivity and sensing performance. The 1 wt.% CdS-TiO2 sensor exhibited the highest average sensitivity (4.19 MΩ/%RH at 50 Hz) across all tested frequencies, while the 2 wt.% CdS-TiO2 sensor demonstrated faster response (14.1 sec.) and recovery times (21.87 sec.). These results indicate that CdS-TiO2 nanocomposites are promising materials for humidity sensing applications.