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<p>The paper explores how the build orientation affects the mechanical and tribological behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) components produced by fused deposition modeling (FDM). ASTM D638 (tensile properties) and ASTM G99 (wear resistance) standardized testing methodologies were used on specimens printed at orientations from 0° to 90°, in 15-degree intervals. The findings indicated that there was a high performance reliance on orientation. The tensile strength was maximum at 0° (39.5&#xa0;MPa) where the filament deposition was in the direction of loading and minimum at 90° (22.0&#xa0;MPa) because delamination of the interlayers occurred under perpendicular loading. Conversely, wear resistance was best at 75° with a minimum specific wear rate of 9.35 × 10<sup>−4</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm, and at 90°, wear was gross, and surfaces had high levels of damage. Finer angular steps were used to capture snapshots in behavior, because important changes usually occur between 60 and 75 degrees of the angle and are rarely observed when using a coarse angle. Also, orientations with a higher degree (more than 60°) needed great supporting structures, which affected material consumption, construction time, and surface quality. The results indicate the trade-off between wear resistance, mechanical strength and manufacturability as well as provide realistic advice on the application-specific choice of orientation in FDM.</p>

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An Effort to Identify the Effect of Orientation Angle on Mechanical and Tribological Performance of FDM-Printed Polylactic Acid

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月16日

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  • Dalvir Singh,
  • Mayur Pratap Singh,
  • Yogesh Shrivastava

摘要

The paper explores how the build orientation affects the mechanical and tribological behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) components produced by fused deposition modeling (FDM). ASTM D638 (tensile properties) and ASTM G99 (wear resistance) standardized testing methodologies were used on specimens printed at orientations from 0° to 90°, in 15-degree intervals. The findings indicated that there was a high performance reliance on orientation. The tensile strength was maximum at 0° (39.5 MPa) where the filament deposition was in the direction of loading and minimum at 90° (22.0 MPa) because delamination of the interlayers occurred under perpendicular loading. Conversely, wear resistance was best at 75° with a minimum specific wear rate of 9.35 × 10−4 mm3/Nm, and at 90°, wear was gross, and surfaces had high levels of damage. Finer angular steps were used to capture snapshots in behavior, because important changes usually occur between 60 and 75 degrees of the angle and are rarely observed when using a coarse angle. Also, orientations with a higher degree (more than 60°) needed great supporting structures, which affected material consumption, construction time, and surface quality. The results indicate the trade-off between wear resistance, mechanical strength and manufacturability as well as provide realistic advice on the application-specific choice of orientation in FDM.