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<p>Aqueous redox flow batteries (AARFBs) have garnered significant attention due to their potential application in next-generation grid-scale energy storage systems. Despite their high tunability and long cycle life, AARFBs face limitations in widespread application due to low energy density, high cost, and stability issues. This review outlines the fundamental challenges in material design and battery structure for AARFBs and explores strategies to mitigate these challenges. Particularly, the limitations of current all-vanadium and organic radical materials, such as cost and stability issues, are analyzed&#xa0;and the&#xa0;enhancement of battery performance by selecting redox-active materials with optimized chemical potentials, solubility, and stability&#xa0;is discussed. Additionally, this paper discusses innovative battery structure designs, such as the three-chamber design, and the optimization of bipolar membranes and electrolytes to improve energy storage capacity and battery safety. New types of active materials based on organic molecules and polysulfides, such as the temporary redox-active molecule and riboflavin phosphate sodium,&#xa0;are also discussed, and battery performance&#xa0;is thereby&#xa0;enhanced by improving electron transfer rates and diffusion coefficients. Finally, the paper discusses the application of multi-objective optimization methods, such as Bayesian optimization, in battery design and how to improve batteries' safety and environmental compatibility by improving electrolytes and battery structures. The progress in material and structural design of AARFBs is summarized, emphasizing the necessity for continued research to overcome existing technological limitations and to promote further development in this field.</p>

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Innovative Material and Structural Design of Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries: Challenges, Strategies, and Future Prospects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月10日

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  • Xuexue Pan,
  • Xueying Wang,
  • Meiyu Wu

摘要

Aqueous redox flow batteries (AARFBs) have garnered significant attention due to their potential application in next-generation grid-scale energy storage systems. Despite their high tunability and long cycle life, AARFBs face limitations in widespread application due to low energy density, high cost, and stability issues. This review outlines the fundamental challenges in material design and battery structure for AARFBs and explores strategies to mitigate these challenges. Particularly, the limitations of current all-vanadium and organic radical materials, such as cost and stability issues, are analyzed and the enhancement of battery performance by selecting redox-active materials with optimized chemical potentials, solubility, and stability is discussed. Additionally, this paper discusses innovative battery structure designs, such as the three-chamber design, and the optimization of bipolar membranes and electrolytes to improve energy storage capacity and battery safety. New types of active materials based on organic molecules and polysulfides, such as the temporary redox-active molecule and riboflavin phosphate sodium, are also discussed, and battery performance is thereby enhanced by improving electron transfer rates and diffusion coefficients. Finally, the paper discusses the application of multi-objective optimization methods, such as Bayesian optimization, in battery design and how to improve batteries' safety and environmental compatibility by improving electrolytes and battery structures. The progress in material and structural design of AARFBs is summarized, emphasizing the necessity for continued research to overcome existing technological limitations and to promote further development in this field.