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<p>Ti-TiB metal matrix composites (MMCs) exhibit high stiffness and hardness, making them attractive for functionally graded materials (FGMs) in advanced structural and armor applications. However, direct comparisons between monolithic Ti-TiB composites and FGMs processed under identical conditions remain limited. In this study, Ti-TiB composites containing 15 to 60 vol.% TiB and a five-layer Ti-TiB FGM (0 to 60 vol.% TiB) were fabricated by in-situ reaction of Ti and TiB<sub>2</sub> powders using vacuum hot pressing at 1350&#xa0;°C under 32&#xa0;MPa. Phase evolution, density, hardness, flexural and compressive strength, and fracture behavior were evaluated. Vickers hardness increased markedly with TiB content, from 316 HV for pure Ti to 940 HV for Ti-60 vol.% TiB in monolithic composites, with corresponding FGM layers showing slightly higher values. Flexural and compressive strengths decreased significantly with increasing TiB content in monolithic composites, whereas the FGM retained a flexural strength of 307&#xa0;MPa and a compressive strength of 1626&#xa0;MPa, comparable to low-TiB composites despite incorporating a high-TiB ceramic-rich layer. Fracture analysis revealed enhanced damage tolerance in the graded architecture through sequential layer failure. These results demonstrate that compositional grading effectively balances hardness and mechanical integrity compared to monolithic Ti-TiB composites.</p>

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Comparative Analysis of Ti-TiB Composites and Functionally Graded Materials: Mechanical Properties and Fracture Behavior

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月27日

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  • Padiri Murali,
  • Kausik Chattopadhyay,
  • Vikas Jindal

摘要

Ti-TiB metal matrix composites (MMCs) exhibit high stiffness and hardness, making them attractive for functionally graded materials (FGMs) in advanced structural and armor applications. However, direct comparisons between monolithic Ti-TiB composites and FGMs processed under identical conditions remain limited. In this study, Ti-TiB composites containing 15 to 60 vol.% TiB and a five-layer Ti-TiB FGM (0 to 60 vol.% TiB) were fabricated by in-situ reaction of Ti and TiB2 powders using vacuum hot pressing at 1350 °C under 32 MPa. Phase evolution, density, hardness, flexural and compressive strength, and fracture behavior were evaluated. Vickers hardness increased markedly with TiB content, from 316 HV for pure Ti to 940 HV for Ti-60 vol.% TiB in monolithic composites, with corresponding FGM layers showing slightly higher values. Flexural and compressive strengths decreased significantly with increasing TiB content in monolithic composites, whereas the FGM retained a flexural strength of 307 MPa and a compressive strength of 1626 MPa, comparable to low-TiB composites despite incorporating a high-TiB ceramic-rich layer. Fracture analysis revealed enhanced damage tolerance in the graded architecture through sequential layer failure. These results demonstrate that compositional grading effectively balances hardness and mechanical integrity compared to monolithic Ti-TiB composites.