<p>This study presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation of epoxy-based shape memory polymer composites reinforced with a dual dispersion of carbon nanofillers (multi-walled carbon nanotubes or graphene) and boron carbide (B<sub>4</sub>C). The composites were fabricated with a fixed carbon nanofiller content (0.4 wt%) and varying B<sub>4</sub>C concentrations (1-3 wt%) to examine their influence on mechanical, viscoelastic, tribological, and shape memory performance. Tensile, flexural, and fracture tests revealed significant improvements in strength, stiffness, and toughness compared to pristine epoxy, attributed to synergistic load transfer, crack deflection, and energy dissipation mechanisms. Dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated enhanced storage modulus and increased glass transition temperature, indicating improved thermal stability and restricted polymer chain mobility. Shape memory evaluation under thermal activation showed high shape recovery ratios exceeding 97% with reduced recovery time for optimally reinforced composites. Wear testing confirmed substantially improved wear resistance and reduced friction due to the combined lubricating and hardening effects of carbon nanofillers and B<sub>4</sub>C. Additionally, representative volume element (RVE)-based finite element modeling showed good agreement with experimental stress–strain behavior, validating the reinforcing synergy of the dual-dispersion system. The combination of carbon nanostructures and ceramic reinforcement to build the dual network produced a more responsive and resilient smart material with high potential for structural, biomedical, aerospace, and flexible electronic applications requiring high strength, thermal resistance, and programmable shape recovery. </p>

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Thermomechanical, Tribological, and Shape Memory Analysis of Dual Dispersion of MWCNT-B4C and Graphene-B4C Composites: A Comparative Study

  • Yugendra Kumar Sahu,
  • T. V. Arjunan,
  • Samarjit Singh,
  • Biplab Das,
  • Shubhra Vishwas

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation of epoxy-based shape memory polymer composites reinforced with a dual dispersion of carbon nanofillers (multi-walled carbon nanotubes or graphene) and boron carbide (B4C). The composites were fabricated with a fixed carbon nanofiller content (0.4 wt%) and varying B4C concentrations (1-3 wt%) to examine their influence on mechanical, viscoelastic, tribological, and shape memory performance. Tensile, flexural, and fracture tests revealed significant improvements in strength, stiffness, and toughness compared to pristine epoxy, attributed to synergistic load transfer, crack deflection, and energy dissipation mechanisms. Dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated enhanced storage modulus and increased glass transition temperature, indicating improved thermal stability and restricted polymer chain mobility. Shape memory evaluation under thermal activation showed high shape recovery ratios exceeding 97% with reduced recovery time for optimally reinforced composites. Wear testing confirmed substantially improved wear resistance and reduced friction due to the combined lubricating and hardening effects of carbon nanofillers and B4C. Additionally, representative volume element (RVE)-based finite element modeling showed good agreement with experimental stress–strain behavior, validating the reinforcing synergy of the dual-dispersion system. The combination of carbon nanostructures and ceramic reinforcement to build the dual network produced a more responsive and resilient smart material with high potential for structural, biomedical, aerospace, and flexible electronic applications requiring high strength, thermal resistance, and programmable shape recovery.