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<p>Enhancing erosion resistance in additively manufactured alloys is critical for extending component life in extreme service environments. This study investigates the effect of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the particle erosion behavior of SS316L stainless steel printed via selective laser melting (SLM) in both horizontally (<i>S</i>-Type) and vertically (<i>P</i>-Type) orientations. As-built specimens underwent solution annealing at 930&#xa0;°C for 3.5&#xa0;h, followed by extended DCT at − 196&#xa0;°C for 72&#xa0;h. Erosion testing under varied impact angles (90°, 75°, 60°, 45°) and particle velocities (150&#xa0;m/s) revealed marked improvements in resistance for horizontally fabricated specimens, exhibiting up to 67% reduction in mass loss at 90° impact, with corresponding reductions of 27.77%, 16.33%, and 13.79% at 75°, 60°, and 45°, respectively. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of strain-induced α′- and ε-martensite, while microhardness decreased by approximately 14% (from 206 to 176-185&#xa0;HV), indicating stress relaxation and microstructural reorganization. SEM analysis showed improved interlayer fusion and reduced porosity post-treatment, with density increasing from 7.84 to 7.92&#xa0;g/cm<sup>3</sup>. White light interferometry revealed shallower crater profiles and reduced erosion depths in heat-treated specimens. In contrast, vertically built specimens demonstrated weaker interlayer cohesion and greater susceptibility to erosion despite post-processing, underscoring the persistent effects of build orientation. These findings establish combined solution annealing and extended DCT as an effective, accessible post-processing route for enhancing the durability of SLM-fabricated stainless steels in erosive environments.</p>

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Enhancing Particle Erosion Resistance of SLM-Produced SS316L through Deep Cryogenic Treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月25日

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  • N. K. Sreejith,
  • V. Satheeshkumar,
  • Muhammed Anaz Khan,
  • T. Ram Prabhu

摘要

Enhancing erosion resistance in additively manufactured alloys is critical for extending component life in extreme service environments. This study investigates the effect of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the particle erosion behavior of SS316L stainless steel printed via selective laser melting (SLM) in both horizontally (S-Type) and vertically (P-Type) orientations. As-built specimens underwent solution annealing at 930 °C for 3.5 h, followed by extended DCT at − 196 °C for 72 h. Erosion testing under varied impact angles (90°, 75°, 60°, 45°) and particle velocities (150 m/s) revealed marked improvements in resistance for horizontally fabricated specimens, exhibiting up to 67% reduction in mass loss at 90° impact, with corresponding reductions of 27.77%, 16.33%, and 13.79% at 75°, 60°, and 45°, respectively. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of strain-induced α′- and ε-martensite, while microhardness decreased by approximately 14% (from 206 to 176-185 HV), indicating stress relaxation and microstructural reorganization. SEM analysis showed improved interlayer fusion and reduced porosity post-treatment, with density increasing from 7.84 to 7.92 g/cm3. White light interferometry revealed shallower crater profiles and reduced erosion depths in heat-treated specimens. In contrast, vertically built specimens demonstrated weaker interlayer cohesion and greater susceptibility to erosion despite post-processing, underscoring the persistent effects of build orientation. These findings establish combined solution annealing and extended DCT as an effective, accessible post-processing route for enhancing the durability of SLM-fabricated stainless steels in erosive environments.