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<p>Despite growing interest in TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes coatings on titanium, the influence of anodization time under low-temperature conditions on corrosion resistance and in vitro biocompatibility have not been systematically clarified. In particular, quantitative correlations between nanotube structural evolution and electrochemical performance remain limited. Therefore, this study systematically investigates the effect of anodization time at low temperature (5&#xa0;°C) on the formation of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes coatings on titanium at four anodization conditions: 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes. Surface morphology and crystalline structure were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Coating hardness was evaluated by the Vickers method, while corrosion resistance was assessed using Potentiodynamic Polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF). In vitro biocompatibility was examined through Water Contact Angle measurements and direct cell culture using Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK-21) cells, with cell morphology and attachment further analyzed by SEM and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). The results demonstrate that anodization at 120&#xa0;min under low-temperature conditions (5&#xa0;°C, 40&#xa0;V) produces a well-ordered TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotubes layer with optimized performance, exhibiting a low corrosion current density of 0.76 µA/cm<sup>2</sup>, a high polarization resistance of 3.42 × 10<sup>4</sup> Ωcm<sup>2</sup>, and a protection efficiency of 90.91%. This condition also showes enhanced surface wettability and significantly improved cell attachment compared to other anodization times. Overall, anodization for 120&#xa0;min under low-temperature provides an optimal balance between structural stability, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, highlighting its potential for biomedical implant applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effect of Anodization Time on the Structure, Corrosion Resistance, and Biocompatibility of TiO2 Nanotubes Formed at 5 °C

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月28日

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  • Dang Minh Duc,
  • Le Van Toan,
  • Vu Cong Manh,
  • Le Thi Tam,
  • Hoang Van Vuong,
  • Nguyen Truong Giang,
  • Nguyen Van Toan,
  • Nguyen Ngoc Thang,
  • Le Thi Bang,
  • Ta Quoc Tuan,
  • Cao Xuan Thang,
  • Vuong-Hung Pham

摘要

Despite growing interest in TiO2 nanotubes coatings on titanium, the influence of anodization time under low-temperature conditions on corrosion resistance and in vitro biocompatibility have not been systematically clarified. In particular, quantitative correlations between nanotube structural evolution and electrochemical performance remain limited. Therefore, this study systematically investigates the effect of anodization time at low temperature (5 °C) on the formation of TiO2 nanotubes coatings on titanium at four anodization conditions: 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes. Surface morphology and crystalline structure were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Coating hardness was evaluated by the Vickers method, while corrosion resistance was assessed using Potentiodynamic Polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF). In vitro biocompatibility was examined through Water Contact Angle measurements and direct cell culture using Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK-21) cells, with cell morphology and attachment further analyzed by SEM and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). The results demonstrate that anodization at 120 min under low-temperature conditions (5 °C, 40 V) produces a well-ordered TiO2 nanotubes layer with optimized performance, exhibiting a low corrosion current density of 0.76 µA/cm2, a high polarization resistance of 3.42 × 104 Ωcm2, and a protection efficiency of 90.91%. This condition also showes enhanced surface wettability and significantly improved cell attachment compared to other anodization times. Overall, anodization for 120 min under low-temperature provides an optimal balance between structural stability, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, highlighting its potential for biomedical implant applications.

Graphical Abstract