<p>In this paper, the Mg-6Gd-1Y-0.3Zr magnesium alloy was selected as the subject of investigation. The characteristics of microstructure evolution, orientation, texture, and Schmid factor distribution in the multi-pass hot-rolled state were examined through hot rolling experiments and microstructure characterization. The findings indicate that as hot rolling deformation increases, the alloy’s grains gradually become finer, and the degree of recrystallization initially slightly rises before significantly falling. At low deformation levels, a small number of {10-12} tensile twins emerge on the sheet’s surface, facilitating the alloy’s deformation process. The c-axes of most deformed grains and subgrains in the microstructure are roughly parallel to the normal direction, exhibiting pronounced orientation characteristics of a near-basal plane texture. As the deformation increases, the texture’s intensity first increases and then diminishes notably, particularly for subgrains, while recrystallized grains shift from random orientation to a weak near-basal plane texture. Under low deformation conditions, the sheet’s deformation is primarily governed by basal &lt;a&gt; slip, twinning, and dynamic recrystallization softening, with non-basal slip acting as a supplement. With the increase in deformation, the further deformation of recrystallized grains is mainly controlled by basal &lt;a&gt; slip; however, the proportion of non-basal slip in the remaining coarse grains gradually increases, and twins mainly deform via basal &lt;a&gt; slip. During multi-pass deformation, twins, matrix, and untwinned grains work in concert to coordinate the activation of various slip systems, thereby enhancing the alloy’s deformability.</p>