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<p>This study examines the effect of tempering heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of wire arc additively manufactured (WAAM) H13 hot work tool steel. An 8-layer, 8-track H13 block was fabricated by CMT-based WAAM and tempered at 300-700&#xa0;°C for 2&#xa0;h. The as-deposited microstructure was inhomogeneous, consisting of equiaxed grains in the top region and columnar grains in the middle and bottom regions. Tempering at 300-600&#xa0;°C promoted retained austenite transformation and fine carbide precipitation, resulting in a secondary hardening peak (677.6 HV) and improved wear resistance at 500&#xa0;°C, whereas tempering above 600&#xa0;°C caused carbide coarsening and matrix softening. Overall, 500&#xa0;°C is identified as the optimal tempering temperature for WAAM-fabricated H13 steel.</p>

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Effect of Tempering Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured H13 Steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月13日

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  • Dong Zhang,
  • Hanguang Fu,
  • Zhandong Wan,
  • Gang Ji,
  • Hua Yu,
  • Jian Lin

摘要

This study examines the effect of tempering heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of wire arc additively manufactured (WAAM) H13 hot work tool steel. An 8-layer, 8-track H13 block was fabricated by CMT-based WAAM and tempered at 300-700 °C for 2 h. The as-deposited microstructure was inhomogeneous, consisting of equiaxed grains in the top region and columnar grains in the middle and bottom regions. Tempering at 300-600 °C promoted retained austenite transformation and fine carbide precipitation, resulting in a secondary hardening peak (677.6 HV) and improved wear resistance at 500 °C, whereas tempering above 600 °C caused carbide coarsening and matrix softening. Overall, 500 °C is identified as the optimal tempering temperature for WAAM-fabricated H13 steel.