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<p>The increasing demand for environmentally friendly and high-performance lubricants is driving the creation of bio-based alternatives for traditional petroleum oils. In this work, the nanomaterials graphene, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and CuO were synthesized by Modified Hummer’s method, the sol-gel route, and the reduction method, respectively; they were then characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET analyses. The nanoparticles were surface-coated with gum Arabic and dispersed into bio-oils by ultrasonication to enhance stability and improve the efficiency of lubrication. Tribological tests performed on a four-ball tester recorded a 56% drop in the coefficient of friction for neem oil + 1 wt.% graphene against 5W40 Castrol Magnatec oil, reflecting excellent film-forming characteristics of graphene. The rheological assessment confirmed Newtonian flow and stable dispersion behaviors among all formulations. Also, a DNN model was developed to predict viscosity with an accuracy of 99%. From these combined experiments and AI-based assessments, it may be concluded that graphene-reinforced bio-lubricants can offer improved lubrication performance with sustainability and thus provide an environmentally friendly route toward engine applications.</p>

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Experimental and Machine learning Investigation of Graphene, TiO2, and CuO Nano-Additives for Enhanced Bio-Lubricant Performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Pankaj Bishnoi,
  • Bashista Kumar Mahanta,
  • Akanksha Shrivastav,
  • Gagan Anand,
  • Shailesh Kumar Singh

摘要

The increasing demand for environmentally friendly and high-performance lubricants is driving the creation of bio-based alternatives for traditional petroleum oils. In this work, the nanomaterials graphene, TiO2, and CuO were synthesized by Modified Hummer’s method, the sol-gel route, and the reduction method, respectively; they were then characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET analyses. The nanoparticles were surface-coated with gum Arabic and dispersed into bio-oils by ultrasonication to enhance stability and improve the efficiency of lubrication. Tribological tests performed on a four-ball tester recorded a 56% drop in the coefficient of friction for neem oil + 1 wt.% graphene against 5W40 Castrol Magnatec oil, reflecting excellent film-forming characteristics of graphene. The rheological assessment confirmed Newtonian flow and stable dispersion behaviors among all formulations. Also, a DNN model was developed to predict viscosity with an accuracy of 99%. From these combined experiments and AI-based assessments, it may be concluded that graphene-reinforced bio-lubricants can offer improved lubrication performance with sustainability and thus provide an environmentally friendly route toward engine applications.