Enhancement of Strength and Permeability of Additively Manufactured Scaffold through Gradient Structure for Bone Tissue Engineering
摘要
In bone tissue engineering (BTE), scaffolds fulfill biological activities of cellular infiltration, nutrient diffusion, and vascularization. To achieve these, scaffolds have to possess good compressive strength and permeability. Conventional scaffold geometries are generally a compromise, honeycombs provide high compressive strength but low permeability, whereas gyroid shape provides high permeability with poor compressive strength. To overcome this, a bioinspired gradient-structured scaffold was designed by combining a honeycomb outer layer and a gyroid inner core, mimicking the natural transition of cortical to trabecular bone using Autodesk Fusion 360 and fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) with polylactic acid (PLA). The designed scaffolds were evaluated through finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and fabricated models were tested via compression testing and permeability testing. The compressive load of 2300 N was applied, which typically experiences 2.5 to 3 times the body weight of 75 kg during routine activity. FEA showed a maximum normal stress of 19.067 MPa, experimentally compressive strength was 18.52 MPa, CFD analysis provided a permeability of 1.79 × 10−9 m2, experimental data showed deviation of 3.4%. These results establish that the gradient structure scaffold effectively balances both compressive strength and permeability, making it a suitable structure for bone regeneration.
Graphical Abstract