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<p>Compared to traditional manufacturing methods, 316L stainless steel (SS316L) manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) exhibits equivalent or superior mechanical properties. While existing research has primarily focused on specimens built in horizontal and vertical directions, studies on other build orientations remain limited. Hence, the effects of build direction (0°, 45°, 60°, and 90°) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SLM 316L stainless steel were investigated in this work, with a focus on the mechanistic links between melt pool boundary (MPB) features, sub-grain size, and mechanical performance. With the increase in the build angle, the MPB morphology transitions from track-by-track (0°) to a hybrid track/layer pattern (45° and 60°) and finally to a layer-by-layer structure (90°). The proportion of layer-by-layer MPBs rises with build angle, resulting in a gradual increase in elongation from 16.1% (0°) to 24.4% (90°). The decrease in ultimate tensile strength from 637.7 to 598.8&#xa0;MPa with increasing build angle is mainly attributed to increased sub-grain size and reduced dislocation density. Moreover, the hardness in the 0° and 90° directions is higher than that in the 45° and 60° directions which is primarily due to their higher α′-Fe content.</p>

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Effect of Building Direction on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月26日

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  • Zequn Feng,
  • Wenyue Ren,
  • Haijun Pan,
  • Wangping Wu,
  • Zhizhi Wang,
  • Peng Jiang

摘要

Compared to traditional manufacturing methods, 316L stainless steel (SS316L) manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) exhibits equivalent or superior mechanical properties. While existing research has primarily focused on specimens built in horizontal and vertical directions, studies on other build orientations remain limited. Hence, the effects of build direction (0°, 45°, 60°, and 90°) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SLM 316L stainless steel were investigated in this work, with a focus on the mechanistic links between melt pool boundary (MPB) features, sub-grain size, and mechanical performance. With the increase in the build angle, the MPB morphology transitions from track-by-track (0°) to a hybrid track/layer pattern (45° and 60°) and finally to a layer-by-layer structure (90°). The proportion of layer-by-layer MPBs rises with build angle, resulting in a gradual increase in elongation from 16.1% (0°) to 24.4% (90°). The decrease in ultimate tensile strength from 637.7 to 598.8 MPa with increasing build angle is mainly attributed to increased sub-grain size and reduced dislocation density. Moreover, the hardness in the 0° and 90° directions is higher than that in the 45° and 60° directions which is primarily due to their higher α′-Fe content.