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<p>This study presents a comprehensive experimental evaluation of how Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process parameters—laser power, scan speed, hatching spacing, and aging temperature—and post-LPBF heat treatments affect the microstructure, and statistical analysis of the microhardness of 17-4 PH stainless steel. Optical microscopy observations revealed that within a specific volumetric energy density (VED) range of 54.148 to 88.977&#xa0;J/mm<sup>3</sup>, manufacturing defects are significantly reduced, with only gas porosities remaining, and lack of fusion (LOF) defects are effectively eliminated. Within this range, microhardness values showed minimal variation, indicating that residual defects had little influence on hardness. Statistical analysis confirmed that aging temperature is the dominant factor, accounting for approximately 96.99% of the variation in microhardness, with higher aging temperatures leading to reduced hardness. A predictive regression model was developed, achieving an error of less than 5%, providing a reliable tool for estimating hardness in LPBF-manufactured 17-4 PH stainless steel. Overall, the study identifies an optimal VED range of 65.519 to 88.977&#xa0;J/mm<sup>3</sup> for achieving favourable mechanical properties.</p>

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Statistical and Experimental Evaluation of LPBF Process Parameters and Heat Treatments on the Microstructure and Microhardness of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月20日

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  • Yassmine Chedly,
  • Narges Omidi,
  • Shayan Dehghan,
  • Noureddine Barka,
  • Abderrazak El Ouafi

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive experimental evaluation of how Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process parameters—laser power, scan speed, hatching spacing, and aging temperature—and post-LPBF heat treatments affect the microstructure, and statistical analysis of the microhardness of 17-4 PH stainless steel. Optical microscopy observations revealed that within a specific volumetric energy density (VED) range of 54.148 to 88.977 J/mm3, manufacturing defects are significantly reduced, with only gas porosities remaining, and lack of fusion (LOF) defects are effectively eliminated. Within this range, microhardness values showed minimal variation, indicating that residual defects had little influence on hardness. Statistical analysis confirmed that aging temperature is the dominant factor, accounting for approximately 96.99% of the variation in microhardness, with higher aging temperatures leading to reduced hardness. A predictive regression model was developed, achieving an error of less than 5%, providing a reliable tool for estimating hardness in LPBF-manufactured 17-4 PH stainless steel. Overall, the study identifies an optimal VED range of 65.519 to 88.977 J/mm3 for achieving favourable mechanical properties.