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<p>The performance of open-ended concrete pipe piles penetrating into loess remains inadequately understood. A scaled model testing system is developed to investigate the effects of penetration method and pile diameter on pile performance in loess strata. Model concrete pipe piles are fabricated using grout-sand composite materials reinforced with fine iron wires to achieve realistic elastic modulus similarity while maintaining appropriate density ratios. The loading system integrates an electric static jacking device and a guide-rod-constrained free-fall hammer to simulate distinct energy input modes and stress paths representative of field installation methods. Results reveal significant differences in soil pressure development, soil plug formation mechanisms, and ground surface deformation responses between the two installation methods. The study identifies a critical transition at 35 cm penetration depth, where static jacking produces stable vertical stress growth of about 130&#xa0;Pa/cm, while impact driving generates oscillatory lateral pressure spikes of 240-1000 Pa. Static jacking results in 4.2% greater surface heave, whereas impact driving yields a 52.9% taller soil plug. Diameter increases amplify tip pressure growth rates by 150% and lateral peak pressures by 66.7%, with soil plug height scaling quadratically with diameter.</p>

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Scaled Model Testing of Open-Ended Concrete Pipe Piles in Loess: Effects of Penetration Method and Pile Diameter

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月8日

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  • Panpan Guo,
  • Ning Li,
  • Yihan Bai,
  • Pan Sun,
  • Yixian Wang

摘要

The performance of open-ended concrete pipe piles penetrating into loess remains inadequately understood. A scaled model testing system is developed to investigate the effects of penetration method and pile diameter on pile performance in loess strata. Model concrete pipe piles are fabricated using grout-sand composite materials reinforced with fine iron wires to achieve realistic elastic modulus similarity while maintaining appropriate density ratios. The loading system integrates an electric static jacking device and a guide-rod-constrained free-fall hammer to simulate distinct energy input modes and stress paths representative of field installation methods. Results reveal significant differences in soil pressure development, soil plug formation mechanisms, and ground surface deformation responses between the two installation methods. The study identifies a critical transition at 35 cm penetration depth, where static jacking produces stable vertical stress growth of about 130 Pa/cm, while impact driving generates oscillatory lateral pressure spikes of 240-1000 Pa. Static jacking results in 4.2% greater surface heave, whereas impact driving yields a 52.9% taller soil plug. Diameter increases amplify tip pressure growth rates by 150% and lateral peak pressures by 66.7%, with soil plug height scaling quadratically with diameter.