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<p>This work focuses on the role of geometry and infill density on the mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF)-manufactured Ti6Al4V triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice structures for application in biomedical implants. Three TPMS topologies, Gyroid (G), Schwarz Primitive (SP), and Schwarz Diamond (SD), were fabricated at infill densities of 40%, 50%, and 60%, respectively. All samples were subjected to a stress-relieving heat treatment at 850 ± 10&#xa0;°C for two hours, leading to the formation of a homogeneous lamellar <i>α</i> + <i>β</i> microstructure with minimal entrapped oxygen and uniform element distribution, as revealed by optical microscopic, scanning electron microscopic (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) analyses. Mechanical testing showed that the Gyroid with 40% (G40) had better compressive yield strength (CYS) with a value of 282.48&#xa0;MPa, ultimate compressive strength (UCS) of 367.46&#xa0;MPa, and energy absorption (EA) of 140.51&#xa0;J, due to its smooth and continuous surface geometry. Under tensile loading, the 40% Schwarz Diamond (SD40) geometry exhibited the best tensile properties when compared to other geometries, having a tensile yield strength (TYS) of 273.25&#xa0;MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 326.76&#xa0;MPa, and elongation of 1.12%, while the nodal connectivity of the SD40 geometry promotes uniform deformation. Higher infill densities were negatively correlated with ductility/energy absorption: Stiffness was promoted, whereas the infills also showed brittleness with a decreased capacity for energy absorption with increased density. Fractographic analyses were consistent with these mechanical results, showing ductile failure mechanisms at lower densities and brittle fracture at higher densities, suggesting that they are important factors to maximize implant safety. Overall, the results highlight the feasibility of using 40% Gyroid and Schwarz Diamond geometries in load-carrying biomedical implant applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Influence of Geometry and Infill Density on the Mechanical Performance of Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattice Structures for Biomedical Implants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月3日

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  • R. Murali Krishnan,
  • Rajesh Ranganathan,
  • A. Saiyathibrahim

摘要

This work focuses on the role of geometry and infill density on the mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF)-manufactured Ti6Al4V triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice structures for application in biomedical implants. Three TPMS topologies, Gyroid (G), Schwarz Primitive (SP), and Schwarz Diamond (SD), were fabricated at infill densities of 40%, 50%, and 60%, respectively. All samples were subjected to a stress-relieving heat treatment at 850 ± 10 °C for two hours, leading to the formation of a homogeneous lamellar α + β microstructure with minimal entrapped oxygen and uniform element distribution, as revealed by optical microscopic, scanning electron microscopic (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) analyses. Mechanical testing showed that the Gyroid with 40% (G40) had better compressive yield strength (CYS) with a value of 282.48 MPa, ultimate compressive strength (UCS) of 367.46 MPa, and energy absorption (EA) of 140.51 J, due to its smooth and continuous surface geometry. Under tensile loading, the 40% Schwarz Diamond (SD40) geometry exhibited the best tensile properties when compared to other geometries, having a tensile yield strength (TYS) of 273.25 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 326.76 MPa, and elongation of 1.12%, while the nodal connectivity of the SD40 geometry promotes uniform deformation. Higher infill densities were negatively correlated with ductility/energy absorption: Stiffness was promoted, whereas the infills also showed brittleness with a decreased capacity for energy absorption with increased density. Fractographic analyses were consistent with these mechanical results, showing ductile failure mechanisms at lower densities and brittle fracture at higher densities, suggesting that they are important factors to maximize implant safety. Overall, the results highlight the feasibility of using 40% Gyroid and Schwarz Diamond geometries in load-carrying biomedical implant applications.

Graphical Abstract