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<p>Accurate characterization of stress–strain behavior is critical for predicting the performance of structural materials under mechanical loading, particularly for metals exhibiting nonlinear elastic–plastic deformation. Additive manufacturing (AM) involving directed energy deposition (DED) introduces unique microstructural features that significantly influence the mechanical response of fabricated components. In this study, the mechanical behavior and microstructural characteristics of an additively fabricated structure (AFS) were investigated. A modified Ramberg–Osgood (RO) model, incorporating an offset yield strength following Hill’s formulation, was employed to accurately describe the elastic–plastic transition observed during tensile testing, and the true stress–true strain relationship was derived. The Ramberg–Osgood model showed excellent agreement with experimental data, yielding a coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.9107 and 0.9544 for the sixth-order polynomial fit, for the true stress–strain graph of AFS and wrought alloy, respectively. Microstructural evaluation revealed a transition from equiaxed grains at the bottom to columnar grains toward the top of the build direction. Tensile testing showed enhanced yield strength (304&#xa0;MPa) and tensile strength (544&#xa0;MPa) in AFS compared to wrought alloy, along with a higher strain hardening exponent. The study provides first-hand knowledge for design, forming, and automotive industries where true stress–strain data are predominant.</p>

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Generation of Stress–Strain Curve for Additively Fabricated Structure by Ramberg–Osgood Model: A Comparative Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • Dhinakaran Veeman,
  • Kanishkaa Jeevaraj,
  • Mohith Mohan Das,
  • Pechimuthu Arumugaperumal,
  • Mohan Kumar Subramaniyan

摘要

Accurate characterization of stress–strain behavior is critical for predicting the performance of structural materials under mechanical loading, particularly for metals exhibiting nonlinear elastic–plastic deformation. Additive manufacturing (AM) involving directed energy deposition (DED) introduces unique microstructural features that significantly influence the mechanical response of fabricated components. In this study, the mechanical behavior and microstructural characteristics of an additively fabricated structure (AFS) were investigated. A modified Ramberg–Osgood (RO) model, incorporating an offset yield strength following Hill’s formulation, was employed to accurately describe the elastic–plastic transition observed during tensile testing, and the true stress–true strain relationship was derived. The Ramberg–Osgood model showed excellent agreement with experimental data, yielding a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9107 and 0.9544 for the sixth-order polynomial fit, for the true stress–strain graph of AFS and wrought alloy, respectively. Microstructural evaluation revealed a transition from equiaxed grains at the bottom to columnar grains toward the top of the build direction. Tensile testing showed enhanced yield strength (304 MPa) and tensile strength (544 MPa) in AFS compared to wrought alloy, along with a higher strain hardening exponent. The study provides first-hand knowledge for design, forming, and automotive industries where true stress–strain data are predominant.