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<p>The Outgrowth Index quantifies satellitization and irregularity of metal 3D printing powders. At present, there is no explicit and unified definition or calculation approach for the Outgrowth Index, making it challenging for cross-disciplinary comparison of results. This paper proposes a novel definition for the Outgrowth Index. Similar to other particle shape parameters, its value is confined within the 0-1 range. Meanwhile, the calculation method of the Outgrowth Index is presented. First, particles were overlaid and excised using a circle with a diameter 1.05&#xa0;times that of their maximum inscribed circle. Subsequently, remaining connected regions smaller than 30 × 30 pixels were filtered out. Second, within the retained regions, those exhibiting an irregularity greater than 0.12 were classified as outgrowths. The number of outgrowths was counted, and the Outgrowth Index was calculated using the defined formula. Finally, the Outgrowth Index distribution map was plotted. Experimental comparisons of five nickel-based alloy particles revealed that higher surface outgrowth correlates with a lower Outgrowth Index, while a higher index reflects reduced satellitization and enhanced sphericity. The study proposes a robust algorithm to quantify this index.</p>

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Algorithm for Calculating Outgrowth Index of Metal 3D Printing Powders

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • Lei Wang,
  • Wei Liu,
  • Liang Wang,
  • Fan Yan,
  • Yajing Wang,
  • Fuyuan Qin

摘要

The Outgrowth Index quantifies satellitization and irregularity of metal 3D printing powders. At present, there is no explicit and unified definition or calculation approach for the Outgrowth Index, making it challenging for cross-disciplinary comparison of results. This paper proposes a novel definition for the Outgrowth Index. Similar to other particle shape parameters, its value is confined within the 0-1 range. Meanwhile, the calculation method of the Outgrowth Index is presented. First, particles were overlaid and excised using a circle with a diameter 1.05 times that of their maximum inscribed circle. Subsequently, remaining connected regions smaller than 30 × 30 pixels were filtered out. Second, within the retained regions, those exhibiting an irregularity greater than 0.12 were classified as outgrowths. The number of outgrowths was counted, and the Outgrowth Index was calculated using the defined formula. Finally, the Outgrowth Index distribution map was plotted. Experimental comparisons of five nickel-based alloy particles revealed that higher surface outgrowth correlates with a lower Outgrowth Index, while a higher index reflects reduced satellitization and enhanced sphericity. The study proposes a robust algorithm to quantify this index.