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<p>Austenitic stainless steel (SS316L) is extensively used in orthopedic implants, turbine blades, bearings, and manifolds due to its excellent wear resistance and mechanical strength. Enhancing ferrite content improves the hardness and wear resistance of stainless steels. This study investigates the high-temperature tribological behavior of austenitic bimetallic structures (BMS) of SS316L and SS309 fabricated using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). Wear tests were conducted at room temperature (RT), 100, 200, 300, and 400&#xa0;°C. The presence of the vermicular delta-ferrite phase was confirmed, and EBSD analysis provided insights into grain texture and orientation through IPF maps, supported by grain size and orientation spread data. Vickers micro-hardness showed sharp variations at the interface due to differences in chemical composition. High-temperature wear behavior was studied using a pin-on-disk setup with EN31 steel, and worn surfaces and debris were analyzed using SEM/EDS and XRD. Results indicated an increase in wear loss and a decrease in the coefficient of friction with temperature. At RT, the samples exhibited the lowest specific wear rates of 0.58 ± 0.03, 0.99 ± 0.03, 0.96 ± 0.02, 1.18 ± 0.03, and 2.60 ± 0.04 (×10<sup>-4</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/N·m). However, as the test temperature increased to 100, 200, 300, and 400&#xa0;°C, a significant rise in the specific wear rate was observed. Adhesive wear dominated at 25&#xa0;°C, while delamination and oxidative wear were prominent at elevated temperatures, driven by Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> oxidation conformed by XRD analysis. Wear debris size increased with temperature, transitioning from short angular particles to elongated angular sheets. This study highlights temperature-dependent wear mechanisms, aiding material design optimization for high-performance applications.</p>

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Microstructure and High-Temperature Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of WAAM Manufactured Austenitic Bimetallic Interface

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月20日

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  • Rupendra S. Tanwar,
  • Suyog Jhavar

摘要

Austenitic stainless steel (SS316L) is extensively used in orthopedic implants, turbine blades, bearings, and manifolds due to its excellent wear resistance and mechanical strength. Enhancing ferrite content improves the hardness and wear resistance of stainless steels. This study investigates the high-temperature tribological behavior of austenitic bimetallic structures (BMS) of SS316L and SS309 fabricated using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). Wear tests were conducted at room temperature (RT), 100, 200, 300, and 400 °C. The presence of the vermicular delta-ferrite phase was confirmed, and EBSD analysis provided insights into grain texture and orientation through IPF maps, supported by grain size and orientation spread data. Vickers micro-hardness showed sharp variations at the interface due to differences in chemical composition. High-temperature wear behavior was studied using a pin-on-disk setup with EN31 steel, and worn surfaces and debris were analyzed using SEM/EDS and XRD. Results indicated an increase in wear loss and a decrease in the coefficient of friction with temperature. At RT, the samples exhibited the lowest specific wear rates of 0.58 ± 0.03, 0.99 ± 0.03, 0.96 ± 0.02, 1.18 ± 0.03, and 2.60 ± 0.04 (×10-4 mm3/N·m). However, as the test temperature increased to 100, 200, 300, and 400 °C, a significant rise in the specific wear rate was observed. Adhesive wear dominated at 25 °C, while delamination and oxidative wear were prominent at elevated temperatures, driven by Cr2O3, Fe2O3, and Fe3O4 oxidation conformed by XRD analysis. Wear debris size increased with temperature, transitioning from short angular particles to elongated angular sheets. This study highlights temperature-dependent wear mechanisms, aiding material design optimization for high-performance applications.