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<p>The present research aims to enhance the surface properties of SS-316 L substrate through the development of metallurgically bonded colmonoy-88 clads using a microwave hybrid heating technique. To evaluate the interface quality, microstructural analysis of the developed clad was carried out using scanning electron microscopy, which revealed the formation of laves phases with a mixed dendritic and interdendritic structure, indicating the uniform alloying and solidification during microwave processing. x-ray diffraction (XRD) study analysis confirmed the formation of various hard intermetallic phases such as NiC, Fe<sub>3</sub>C, Cr<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub>, and W<sub>2</sub>C along with borides of iron and chromium. The presence of hard phases in the clad region significantly contributed to the improved surface hardness, with a microhardness value of 640 ± 46 HV recorded at the clad top surface. Mechanical performance evaluation through three-point flexural testing demonstrated superior metallurgical bonding, yielding a flexural strength of 480.26 ± 6&#xa0;MPa with corresponding deformation of 0.285&#xa0;mm. Fractographic analysis of tested samples revealed the predominant ductile fracture behavior, followed by brittle failure modes. This study validates that microwave cladding is a useful method for producing hard, adherent surface cladding with improved mechanical and structural integrity.</p>

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On Microstructural and Mechanical Integrity of SS-316L Substrate Modified by Microwave Cladding of Colmonoy-88

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月23日

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  • Kuldeepak,
  • Sarbjeet Kaushal,
  • Amit Bansal

摘要

The present research aims to enhance the surface properties of SS-316 L substrate through the development of metallurgically bonded colmonoy-88 clads using a microwave hybrid heating technique. To evaluate the interface quality, microstructural analysis of the developed clad was carried out using scanning electron microscopy, which revealed the formation of laves phases with a mixed dendritic and interdendritic structure, indicating the uniform alloying and solidification during microwave processing. x-ray diffraction (XRD) study analysis confirmed the formation of various hard intermetallic phases such as NiC, Fe3C, Cr7C3, and W2C along with borides of iron and chromium. The presence of hard phases in the clad region significantly contributed to the improved surface hardness, with a microhardness value of 640 ± 46 HV recorded at the clad top surface. Mechanical performance evaluation through three-point flexural testing demonstrated superior metallurgical bonding, yielding a flexural strength of 480.26 ± 6 MPa with corresponding deformation of 0.285 mm. Fractographic analysis of tested samples revealed the predominant ductile fracture behavior, followed by brittle failure modes. This study validates that microwave cladding is a useful method for producing hard, adherent surface cladding with improved mechanical and structural integrity.