Constitutive Modeling of Spheroidized Boron Steel Considering Stress Softening by Deformation-Generated Heat in Cold Upsetting
摘要
This study presents a comparative analysis of flow behavior models for 10B33 boron-alloyed steel under cold compression conditions with specific consideration of deformation-generated heat effects. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted at temperatures of 30, 100, and 200 °C with strain rates of 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 s−1. A temperature correction methodology was developed to account for adiabatic heating during deformation, with particular attention to the strain-dependent nature of the Taylor-Quinney coefficient. Four constitutive models, including Voce, Modified Johnson-Cook, Modified Fields and Backofen (MFaB), and Artificial neural networks, were evaluated for their predictive capabilities. Statistical analysis revealed that the MFaB model demonstrated superior accuracy with the lowest average absolute relative error (1.52%) and highest correlation coefficient (0.995). The model parameters indicated that 10B33 spheroidized steel exhibits moderate strain hardening (n = 0.1776), low strain rate sensitivity (m = 0.0124), and significant temperature dependence (K2 = 150.27). Finite element simulations using the MFaB model showed excellent agreement with experimental results, with force predictions within 3.68% and dimensional accuracy within 2.74% of specimen measurements. This validated model provides a reliable tool for predicting the behavior of boron-alloyed steel in industrial cold forging operations, enhancing process design capabilities and product quality control.