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<p>This study investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel components prepared via direct energy deposition, a form of additive manufacturing known for its efficiency and material utilization. The high cooling rate promoted grain refinement and enabled the precipitation of optimally sized ferrite and carbide particles. The grain refinement, increase in the number of grain boundaries, Ni-Mo solid solution hardening and austenite–ferrite strain hardening contributed to the improvement in the macrohardness and tensile properties. The appropriate size of carbide particles promoted the full connection of the grain boundaries. The 0° deposition direction produced stainless steel with dense, uniform grains and a ferrite distribution due to reduced thermal cycling, resulting in increased hardness and tensile strength. The laser power and scanning speed affected the laser energy input density, whereas the single deposition layer thickness and scanning spacing affected the laser energy absorption density. A lower laser power and scanning speed and a greater single deposition layer thickness and scanning spacing can improve the hardness and tensile properties appropriately. The additive-manufactured 316L stainless steel with a deposition direction of 0°, a laser power of 1600&#xa0;W, a scanning speed of 1000&#xa0;mm/min, a single deposition layer thickness of 0.9&#xa0;mm and a scanning spacing of 1.6&#xa0;mm exhibited excellent mechanical properties.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Components Fabricated via Direct Energy Deposition: An Additive Manufacturing Approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月2日

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  • Xinfeng Wang,
  • Bin Zou,
  • Hongjian Ding,
  • Lei Li,
  • Wenbo Liu

摘要

This study investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel components prepared via direct energy deposition, a form of additive manufacturing known for its efficiency and material utilization. The high cooling rate promoted grain refinement and enabled the precipitation of optimally sized ferrite and carbide particles. The grain refinement, increase in the number of grain boundaries, Ni-Mo solid solution hardening and austenite–ferrite strain hardening contributed to the improvement in the macrohardness and tensile properties. The appropriate size of carbide particles promoted the full connection of the grain boundaries. The 0° deposition direction produced stainless steel with dense, uniform grains and a ferrite distribution due to reduced thermal cycling, resulting in increased hardness and tensile strength. The laser power and scanning speed affected the laser energy input density, whereas the single deposition layer thickness and scanning spacing affected the laser energy absorption density. A lower laser power and scanning speed and a greater single deposition layer thickness and scanning spacing can improve the hardness and tensile properties appropriately. The additive-manufactured 316L stainless steel with a deposition direction of 0°, a laser power of 1600 W, a scanning speed of 1000 mm/min, a single deposition layer thickness of 0.9 mm and a scanning spacing of 1.6 mm exhibited excellent mechanical properties.

Graphical abstract