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<p>A cellular automaton (CA) model was developed within the DEFORM-3D finite element framework to simulate dynamic recrystallization (DRX) in TC4 titanium alloy during hot rolling, systematically investigating the interplay between rolling temperature, strain magnitude, equivalent strain distribution, damage evolution, and microstructural refinement. Key findings reveal a non-monotonic relationship between rolling temperature and maximum equivalent strain, with peak values shifting to higher temperatures as deformation increases. Elevated temperatures significantly mitigate material damage, demonstrating a thermally activated healing mechanism. For low deformation levels (e.g., &lt; 50%), grain size evolution exhibits a triphasic response to temperature: initial coarsening below 900&#xa0;°C, abrupt refinement at 1000&#xa0;°C (minimum grain size), followed by renewed growth. At higher strains (≥60%), pronounced DRX generates equiaxed ultrafine grains, particularly at 800&#xa0;°C where dislocation-driven nucleation and adiabatic heating synergistically yield minimal grain size (12.3&#xa0;μm). Concurrently, 1000&#xa0;°C processing achieves comparable refinement through <i>α</i> → <i>β</i> phase transformation-dominated mechanisms. This multiscale analysis elucidates temperature-strain coupling effects on deformation homogeneity, damage tolerance, and microstructure-property relationships, providing quantitative guidelines for thermo-mechanical processing optimization of titanium alloys.</p>

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Study on the Microstructural Evolution Mechanisms of TC4 Titanium Alloy during Hot Rolling Based on DEFORM-3D Simulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月9日

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  • Xuezhao Wang,
  • Ping Zhang,
  • Tengfei Zhang,
  • Shuai Ge

摘要

A cellular automaton (CA) model was developed within the DEFORM-3D finite element framework to simulate dynamic recrystallization (DRX) in TC4 titanium alloy during hot rolling, systematically investigating the interplay between rolling temperature, strain magnitude, equivalent strain distribution, damage evolution, and microstructural refinement. Key findings reveal a non-monotonic relationship between rolling temperature and maximum equivalent strain, with peak values shifting to higher temperatures as deformation increases. Elevated temperatures significantly mitigate material damage, demonstrating a thermally activated healing mechanism. For low deformation levels (e.g., < 50%), grain size evolution exhibits a triphasic response to temperature: initial coarsening below 900 °C, abrupt refinement at 1000 °C (minimum grain size), followed by renewed growth. At higher strains (≥60%), pronounced DRX generates equiaxed ultrafine grains, particularly at 800 °C where dislocation-driven nucleation and adiabatic heating synergistically yield minimal grain size (12.3 μm). Concurrently, 1000 °C processing achieves comparable refinement through α → β phase transformation-dominated mechanisms. This multiscale analysis elucidates temperature-strain coupling effects on deformation homogeneity, damage tolerance, and microstructure-property relationships, providing quantitative guidelines for thermo-mechanical processing optimization of titanium alloys.