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<p>Driven by rapid advances in wearable and flexible electronics, flexible piezoelectric sensors show great promise for wearable devices, motion tracking, and artificial electronic skin. Herein, a sandwich-structured flexible piezoelectric sensor was fabricated via near-field electrohydrodynamic direct-writing (NFEDW) of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/barium titanate (BaTiO<sub>3</sub>) composite films. Key NFEDW parameters affecting film performance were studied. Optimization identified optimal conditions: 3700&#xa0;V voltage, 1000&#xa0;mm/min printing speed, 0.3&#xa0;mm printing distance, 0.35&#xa0;μL/min flow rate, and 15&#xa0;wt.% solution concentration. Under these conditions, the sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 361.1&#xa0;mV/N, a response time of 5.34&#xa0;ms, and a recovery time of 5.99&#xa0;ms. This enables rapid, accurate detection of external mechanical stimuli. XRD and microscopic morphology confirmed the film’s excellent piezoelectric properties, surface quality, and uniformity. The sensor showed outstanding stability over 6000 vibration cycles, confirming long-term dependability. With a thickness of only 0.22&#xa0;mm and excellent flexibility, the sensor precisely records subtle biological signals, highlighting its promise for human motion monitoring. This work defines the optimal NFEDW process window for PVDF/BaTiO<sub>3</sub> composite films, clarifies parameter regulation mechanisms, and offers a theoretical and technical foundation for controlled fabrication of high-performance flexible piezoelectric sensors.</p>

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Fabrication of Sandwich-Structured Flexible Piezoelectric Sensors Using PVDF/BaTiO3 Composite Films Printed by Near-Field Electrohydrodynamic Direct-Writing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Jiaqi Wang,
  • Huifang Liu,
  • Xin Li,
  • Fu Zhao,
  • Luyao Zhao

摘要

Driven by rapid advances in wearable and flexible electronics, flexible piezoelectric sensors show great promise for wearable devices, motion tracking, and artificial electronic skin. Herein, a sandwich-structured flexible piezoelectric sensor was fabricated via near-field electrohydrodynamic direct-writing (NFEDW) of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/barium titanate (BaTiO3) composite films. Key NFEDW parameters affecting film performance were studied. Optimization identified optimal conditions: 3700 V voltage, 1000 mm/min printing speed, 0.3 mm printing distance, 0.35 μL/min flow rate, and 15 wt.% solution concentration. Under these conditions, the sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 361.1 mV/N, a response time of 5.34 ms, and a recovery time of 5.99 ms. This enables rapid, accurate detection of external mechanical stimuli. XRD and microscopic morphology confirmed the film’s excellent piezoelectric properties, surface quality, and uniformity. The sensor showed outstanding stability over 6000 vibration cycles, confirming long-term dependability. With a thickness of only 0.22 mm and excellent flexibility, the sensor precisely records subtle biological signals, highlighting its promise for human motion monitoring. This work defines the optimal NFEDW process window for PVDF/BaTiO3 composite films, clarifies parameter regulation mechanisms, and offers a theoretical and technical foundation for controlled fabrication of high-performance flexible piezoelectric sensors.