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<p>This study employed a low-cost method to synthesize metal complexes (MCs) from two transition metals (Zn and Co) and incorporated them into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) host polymer to enhance its structural, morphological, and optical properties, particularly the dispersive energy and optical bandgap. A casting method was used to form the composite films with average thickness of 0.13&#xa0;mm. The synthesis of the two central MCs is based on green chemistry techniques, using green tea dyes and transition-metal salts to produce low-cost MCs. Various analytical techniques were used to investigate the structure and optical properties of the composite samples, including x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The XRD analysis and the dispersive energy and Urbach energy in UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed that the pure PVA has a semicrystalline structure, whereas the composite films containing two central MCs are amorphous. The FTIR study indicated that the composite films exhibit decreased intensity and vibrational frequency due to electrostatic interactions between the PVA chains and MCs. Using FESEM, we assessed the composite film’s surfaces for roughness and phase separation. The optical absorbance analysis revealed substantial values for parameters such as the energy bandgap (<i>E</i><sub>g</sub>), charge carrier density, refractive index, dispersion energy (<i>E</i><sub>d</sub>), and various nonlinear parameters. The <i>E</i><sub>d</sub> decreased from 1.22 eV to 0.77&#xa0;eV, providing information about density and coordination numbers. In addition, this study illustrates how several models and methodologies can precisely determine the optical bandgap, an essential parameter in photonics and optoelectronics. Doping 36&#xa0;mL of ZnCoMC reduced <i>E</i><sub>g</sub> from 6.05&#xa0;eV to 1.64&#xa0;eV. The enhanced nonlinear refractive index, surface energy loss function (SELF), and volume energy loss function (VELF) in the composite demonstrate that the incorporation of ZnCoMC introduces distinct novel properties to the films. Evaluation of the figure of merit quantifies the optoelectronic synergy within the composite films, providing essential insights into their electronic band structure and overall performance.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Green Synthesis of Double Metal Complex from Zinc and Cobalt Acetate Salts to Enhance Optical Parameters of PVA Polymer

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Dana S. Muhammad,
  • Sawen S. Ahmed,
  • Govyar O. Aziz,
  • Rebar T. Abdulwahid,
  • Shujahadeen B. Aziz,
  • Samir M. Hamad,
  • Peyman Aspoukeh,
  • Omed Gh. Abdullah

摘要

This study employed a low-cost method to synthesize metal complexes (MCs) from two transition metals (Zn and Co) and incorporated them into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) host polymer to enhance its structural, morphological, and optical properties, particularly the dispersive energy and optical bandgap. A casting method was used to form the composite films with average thickness of 0.13 mm. The synthesis of the two central MCs is based on green chemistry techniques, using green tea dyes and transition-metal salts to produce low-cost MCs. Various analytical techniques were used to investigate the structure and optical properties of the composite samples, including x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The XRD analysis and the dispersive energy and Urbach energy in UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed that the pure PVA has a semicrystalline structure, whereas the composite films containing two central MCs are amorphous. The FTIR study indicated that the composite films exhibit decreased intensity and vibrational frequency due to electrostatic interactions between the PVA chains and MCs. Using FESEM, we assessed the composite film’s surfaces for roughness and phase separation. The optical absorbance analysis revealed substantial values for parameters such as the energy bandgap (Eg), charge carrier density, refractive index, dispersion energy (Ed), and various nonlinear parameters. The Ed decreased from 1.22 eV to 0.77 eV, providing information about density and coordination numbers. In addition, this study illustrates how several models and methodologies can precisely determine the optical bandgap, an essential parameter in photonics and optoelectronics. Doping 36 mL of ZnCoMC reduced Eg from 6.05 eV to 1.64 eV. The enhanced nonlinear refractive index, surface energy loss function (SELF), and volume energy loss function (VELF) in the composite demonstrate that the incorporation of ZnCoMC introduces distinct novel properties to the films. Evaluation of the figure of merit quantifies the optoelectronic synergy within the composite films, providing essential insights into their electronic band structure and overall performance.

Graphical Abstract