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<p>Several materials have been investigated as electron transport layers (ETLs) for perovskite-based solar cells. In this study, synthesized tin dioxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles were systematically explored as an ETL and thermally processed at calcination temperatures of 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C to optimize their optical and crystalline properties. Structural and morphological analyses were carried out using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, revealing enhanced crystallinity and notable changes in particle size with increasing calcination temperature. The optical properties of the SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles exhibited a strong dependence on thermal treatment, as confirmed by UV–visible absorption spectroscopy and Tauc plot analysis. Optical bandgap energy values of 3.03&#xa0;eV, 3.15&#xa0;eV, and 4.13&#xa0;eV were estimated for samples calcined at 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C, respectively. Among these, SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles calcined at 600°C demonstrated optimal optoelectronic characteristics, including high crystallinity, reduced defect density, and a suitable bandgap for efficient electron transport. To evaluate device-level performance, SCAPS-1D simulations were performed for a lead-free perovskite solar cell architecture comprising SnO<sub>2</sub>/K<sub>2</sub>AlAuCl<sub>6</sub>/K<sub>2</sub>GaGaAuCl<sub>6</sub>/Me<sub>4</sub>PACz. The optimized device achieved open-circuit voltage of 0.91&#xa0;V, short-circuit current density of 33.3&#xa0;mA&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup>, a fill factor of 69%, and power conversion efficiency of 18.4%. These results indicate that integrating calcination-optimized SnO<sub>2</sub> with alkali-metal-based double perovskite absorbers offers a promising pathway toward efficient, stable, and environmentally benign lead-free photovoltaic systems.</p>

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Influence of Calcination Temperature on SnO2 Bandgap and Its Impact on Double Absorber Perovskite Solar Cell Efficiency

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Nikhil Shrivastav,
  • Aashish Kumar

摘要

Several materials have been investigated as electron transport layers (ETLs) for perovskite-based solar cells. In this study, synthesized tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were systematically explored as an ETL and thermally processed at calcination temperatures of 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C to optimize their optical and crystalline properties. Structural and morphological analyses were carried out using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, revealing enhanced crystallinity and notable changes in particle size with increasing calcination temperature. The optical properties of the SnO2 nanoparticles exhibited a strong dependence on thermal treatment, as confirmed by UV–visible absorption spectroscopy and Tauc plot analysis. Optical bandgap energy values of 3.03 eV, 3.15 eV, and 4.13 eV were estimated for samples calcined at 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C, respectively. Among these, SnO2 nanoparticles calcined at 600°C demonstrated optimal optoelectronic characteristics, including high crystallinity, reduced defect density, and a suitable bandgap for efficient electron transport. To evaluate device-level performance, SCAPS-1D simulations were performed for a lead-free perovskite solar cell architecture comprising SnO2/K2AlAuCl6/K2GaGaAuCl6/Me4PACz. The optimized device achieved open-circuit voltage of 0.91 V, short-circuit current density of 33.3 mA cm−2, a fill factor of 69%, and power conversion efficiency of 18.4%. These results indicate that integrating calcination-optimized SnO2 with alkali-metal-based double perovskite absorbers offers a promising pathway toward efficient, stable, and environmentally benign lead-free photovoltaic systems.