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<p>The increasing interest in renewable energy has accelerated the advancement of photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Owing to low cost, flexibility, and versatility, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have always remained the center of attention. The key to DSSC performance is the photoanode since it involves dye adsorption, electron transport, and light harvesting. This review covers the development of photoanode materials for DSSCs and how the transition from conventional metal oxides has resulted in high-performance carbon-based, transition metals and polymer composites. It discusses the influence of key material properties such as surface area, electron transport, light scattering layer, and chemical stability on DSSCs performance. It further discusses the morphology of metal oxides from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional (0D–3D) and their composites, explaining how doping and nanostructures change their optoelectronic characteristics. Hybrid materials made of metal oxides combined with carbon-based materials, transition metals, and polymers are also explored, and how these improve conductivity, quench recombination, and increase absorption of light. With insights taken from the latest publications, the current review defines recent limitations, promising experimental strategies, and directions of research in the future for high-efficiency and scalable photoanodes. The goal is to guide the development of future DSSCs that are high-performance as well as commercially viable.</p>

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Photoanode Design for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Advancements in Metal Oxides, Nanostructures, and Hybrid Composites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月29日

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  • Aqsa Memon,
  • Ali Bux,
  • Naveed Mengal,
  • Samander Ali Malik,
  • Iftikhar Ali Sahito,
  • Anam Ali Memon

摘要

The increasing interest in renewable energy has accelerated the advancement of photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Owing to low cost, flexibility, and versatility, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have always remained the center of attention. The key to DSSC performance is the photoanode since it involves dye adsorption, electron transport, and light harvesting. This review covers the development of photoanode materials for DSSCs and how the transition from conventional metal oxides has resulted in high-performance carbon-based, transition metals and polymer composites. It discusses the influence of key material properties such as surface area, electron transport, light scattering layer, and chemical stability on DSSCs performance. It further discusses the morphology of metal oxides from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional (0D–3D) and their composites, explaining how doping and nanostructures change their optoelectronic characteristics. Hybrid materials made of metal oxides combined with carbon-based materials, transition metals, and polymers are also explored, and how these improve conductivity, quench recombination, and increase absorption of light. With insights taken from the latest publications, the current review defines recent limitations, promising experimental strategies, and directions of research in the future for high-efficiency and scalable photoanodes. The goal is to guide the development of future DSSCs that are high-performance as well as commercially viable.