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<p>Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials offer exceptional sensitivity for electrochemical sensing due to their large surface area and atomically thin interfaces. In this study, an ultrasensitive Pb<sup>2+</sup> sensor was developed using a vertically stacked MoS<sub>2</sub>/graphene (MS/GR) heterostructure. The ultrathin nanosheets were prepared through mechanical shear exfoliation. As-prepared nanosheets were sequentially drop-cast onto a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) to form a stable hybrid sensing layer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the vertical stacking of MS on GR, which enhances charge transport and increases the density of active sites for metal–ion interaction. Using anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetry (ASDPV), the sensor exhibited a linear detection range from 5.66 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M (1.17&#xa0;µg/L) to 9.91 × 10<sup>−8</sup> M (20.54&#xa0;µg/L), with a low detection limit of 1.96 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M (0.41&#xa0;µg/L) for Pb<sup>2+</sup>. The sensor maintained strong selectivity in the presence of common interfering ions, and recovery tests from spiked agricultural soil and groundwater samples yielded an average of ~ 99.5%, demonstrating its practical applicability. This work highlights the advantages of MS/GR vertical heterostructures as efficient receptor layers for trace heavy metal detection.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Electrochemical Sensing of Lead(II) Ions in Soil and Groundwater Samples Via Graphene–MoS2 Heterostructure-based Disposable Electrode

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月24日

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  • Kantharao Kancharla,
  • Kiran Kumar Tadi

摘要

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials offer exceptional sensitivity for electrochemical sensing due to their large surface area and atomically thin interfaces. In this study, an ultrasensitive Pb2+ sensor was developed using a vertically stacked MoS2/graphene (MS/GR) heterostructure. The ultrathin nanosheets were prepared through mechanical shear exfoliation. As-prepared nanosheets were sequentially drop-cast onto a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) to form a stable hybrid sensing layer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the vertical stacking of MS on GR, which enhances charge transport and increases the density of active sites for metal–ion interaction. Using anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetry (ASDPV), the sensor exhibited a linear detection range from 5.66 × 10−9 M (1.17 µg/L) to 9.91 × 10−8 M (20.54 µg/L), with a low detection limit of 1.96 × 10−9 M (0.41 µg/L) for Pb2+. The sensor maintained strong selectivity in the presence of common interfering ions, and recovery tests from spiked agricultural soil and groundwater samples yielded an average of ~ 99.5%, demonstrating its practical applicability. This work highlights the advantages of MS/GR vertical heterostructures as efficient receptor layers for trace heavy metal detection.

Graphical Abstract