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<p>This paper presents the design, fabrication, testing, and analysis of ultra-wide-range programmable optically variable resistors (POVRs). These POVRs feature a unique assembly of red-green-blue (RGB) light emitting diode (LED) sources and CdS-based light-dependent resistors (LDRs), integrated through cylindrical spacer structures crafted from TiO<sub>2</sub>~epoxy nanocomposites. The spacer-core’s optical properties are finely tuned by varying TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticle concentrations from 0&#xa0;wt.% to 1.0 wt.%, significantly expanding the device’s achievable resistance range. Experimental results demonstrate an extensive voltage-controlled resistance range, spanning approximately 340–165.8 MΩ, achieved by concurrently adjusting the forward bias voltages of red, green, and blue LED sources. The structural integrity and crystalline quality of the TiO<sub>2</sub>~epoxy composites were meticulously investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming uniform nanoparticle dispersion and crystal structure. An analytical model predicting POVR resistance under wide-spectrum source control (WSSC) mode was developed and validated through comprehensive experimentation, exhibiting mean absolute errors below 4%. The study reveals the superior sensitivity of resistance modulation to TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticle concentration compared with spacer length, establishing nanoparticle loading as the primary tuning parameter. The fabricated POVRs outperform traditional voltage-controlled resistors by offering continuous tunability, wide dynamic resistance ranges, scalability, and compact, energy-efficient operation.</p>

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Ultra-Wide Range Programmable Optically Variable Resistors: Wide-Spectrum Source Control

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月18日

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  • Sneha Ray,
  • Tanushree Saha,
  • Kanta Bhattacheryya,
  • Palash Das,
  • Prasenjit Dey,
  • Aritra Acharyya

摘要

This paper presents the design, fabrication, testing, and analysis of ultra-wide-range programmable optically variable resistors (POVRs). These POVRs feature a unique assembly of red-green-blue (RGB) light emitting diode (LED) sources and CdS-based light-dependent resistors (LDRs), integrated through cylindrical spacer structures crafted from TiO2~epoxy nanocomposites. The spacer-core’s optical properties are finely tuned by varying TiO2 nanoparticle concentrations from 0 wt.% to 1.0 wt.%, significantly expanding the device’s achievable resistance range. Experimental results demonstrate an extensive voltage-controlled resistance range, spanning approximately 340–165.8 MΩ, achieved by concurrently adjusting the forward bias voltages of red, green, and blue LED sources. The structural integrity and crystalline quality of the TiO2~epoxy composites were meticulously investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming uniform nanoparticle dispersion and crystal structure. An analytical model predicting POVR resistance under wide-spectrum source control (WSSC) mode was developed and validated through comprehensive experimentation, exhibiting mean absolute errors below 4%. The study reveals the superior sensitivity of resistance modulation to TiO2 nanoparticle concentration compared with spacer length, establishing nanoparticle loading as the primary tuning parameter. The fabricated POVRs outperform traditional voltage-controlled resistors by offering continuous tunability, wide dynamic resistance ranges, scalability, and compact, energy-efficient operation.