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<p>The rapid evolution of two-dimensional (2D) materials and heterostructures made with them has unlocked novel opportunities in the design of next-generation optoelectronic and electronic gadgets owing to their exceptional mechanical, electronic, as well as optical characteristics. This review systematically examines the principal fabrication methodologies for 2D heterostructures, including mechanical exfoliation, vacuum filtration, drop casting, and epitaxial growth, with a critical assessment of their scalability, reproducibility, and structural integrity. Special attention is given to deterministic assembly techniques and recent advancements in robotic fabrication for wafer-scale integration. Furthermore, the review explores the broad spectrum of 2D heterostructures technological use in such fields as photodetection, optoelectronics, gas sensing, as well as biosensing. Emphasis is placed on the correlation between band alignment in various heterojunction configurations (type&#xa0;I, II, III, and Z-scheme) and their impact on charge transport, carrier dynamics, and device performance. By offering a comprehensive overview of fabrication strategies and functional implementations, this article aims to guide the progression of 2D material-based heterostructures that provide scalability and high-performance operation for future nanoelectronic and photonic systems.</p>

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Two-Dimensional Heterostructures: Synthesis, Integration, and Technological Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月3日

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  • Anastasiia Rymzhina,
  • Vladimir Pavelyev,
  • Prachi Sharma,
  • Prabhash Mishra,
  • Irina Kozlova,
  • Nishant Tripathi

摘要

The rapid evolution of two-dimensional (2D) materials and heterostructures made with them has unlocked novel opportunities in the design of next-generation optoelectronic and electronic gadgets owing to their exceptional mechanical, electronic, as well as optical characteristics. This review systematically examines the principal fabrication methodologies for 2D heterostructures, including mechanical exfoliation, vacuum filtration, drop casting, and epitaxial growth, with a critical assessment of their scalability, reproducibility, and structural integrity. Special attention is given to deterministic assembly techniques and recent advancements in robotic fabrication for wafer-scale integration. Furthermore, the review explores the broad spectrum of 2D heterostructures technological use in such fields as photodetection, optoelectronics, gas sensing, as well as biosensing. Emphasis is placed on the correlation between band alignment in various heterojunction configurations (type I, II, III, and Z-scheme) and their impact on charge transport, carrier dynamics, and device performance. By offering a comprehensive overview of fabrication strategies and functional implementations, this article aims to guide the progression of 2D material-based heterostructures that provide scalability and high-performance operation for future nanoelectronic and photonic systems.