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Abstract <p>In this study, we report the green synthesis of core–shell heterostructured Sm<sup>3+</sup>-doped ZnO (10&#xa0;wt.%) and evaluate its role in structural, morphological, photocurrent, and photocorrosion stability enhancement in comparison to undoped ZnO. Both synthesized materials demonstrated outstanding stability as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), where the ZnO phase remained stable before and after photocurrent measurement, indicating high structural integrity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the formation of a core–shell heterostructure, which was further supported by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, showing an improved surface area of Sm<sup>3+</sup>-doped ZnO due to the modified morphology. After Sm<sup>3+</sup> doping, photoluminescence (PL) quenching is observed due to non-radiative recombination and cross-relaxation processes. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the characteristic peaks of ZnO, with a decrease in intensity upon Sm<sup>3+</sup> doping. Photocurrent measurement using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) demonstrated enhanced current response from 1.01 to 2.31&#xa0;mA/cm<sup>2</sup> after doping, while chronoamperometry confirmed the long-term stability of the doped material. The combination of structural stability, improved surface area, and enhanced photocurrent suggests that Sm<sup>3+</sup>-doped ZnO with a core–shell heterostructure has great potential as an electron transport layer (ETL)/photo-absorber material for future photovoltaic devices offering enhanced stability and efficiency.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Enhancement of Photocurrent by Reducing Charge Recombination at the Core–Shell Interface of Sm3+-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles and Studies on Photostability

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月9日

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  • Anamika Kem,
  • Venkata Phani Chandra Neelam,
  • Dhananjaya Panda,
  • Koteswara Rao Peta

摘要

Abstract

In this study, we report the green synthesis of core–shell heterostructured Sm3+-doped ZnO (10 wt.%) and evaluate its role in structural, morphological, photocurrent, and photocorrosion stability enhancement in comparison to undoped ZnO. Both synthesized materials demonstrated outstanding stability as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), where the ZnO phase remained stable before and after photocurrent measurement, indicating high structural integrity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the formation of a core–shell heterostructure, which was further supported by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, showing an improved surface area of Sm3+-doped ZnO due to the modified morphology. After Sm3+ doping, photoluminescence (PL) quenching is observed due to non-radiative recombination and cross-relaxation processes. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the characteristic peaks of ZnO, with a decrease in intensity upon Sm3+ doping. Photocurrent measurement using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) demonstrated enhanced current response from 1.01 to 2.31 mA/cm2 after doping, while chronoamperometry confirmed the long-term stability of the doped material. The combination of structural stability, improved surface area, and enhanced photocurrent suggests that Sm3+-doped ZnO with a core–shell heterostructure has great potential as an electron transport layer (ETL)/photo-absorber material for future photovoltaic devices offering enhanced stability and efficiency.

Graphical Abstract