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<p>We have developed a biomass-derived nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon quantum dot (NSCQD) integrated iron hexacyanoferrate (FeHCF) hybrid sensor for the highly selective and sensitive detection of dopamine (DA). The NSCQDs were synthesized via a hydrothermal method using <i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i>, a plant-based biomass precursor, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly approach. The formation of a well-defined Prussian blue (PB)-type structure was confirmed by XRD analysis, which revealed distinct diffraction peaks for FeHCF. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis revealed a substantial increase in surface area for NSCQD/FeHCF (128.4&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g) in comparison to FeHCF (87.2&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g), suggesting enhanced charge transfer capabilities. Electrochemical investigations employing differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) revealed an ultra-low detection limit (LOD) of 75&#xa0;nM, a broad linear range (0.5–500&#xa0;µm), and a low oxidation potential (0.215&#xa0;V vs. Ag/AgCl). Excellent selectivity was demonstrated by the NSCQD/FeHCF sensor, which successfully separated DA from interfering biomolecules, including uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA). The sensor also demonstrated good repeatability (RSD&#xa0;&lt;&#xa0;3.5%) and outstanding stability, maintaining 95% of its original response after 14&#xa0;days. Real sample analysis in human urine and dopamine injections confirmed its practicality, yielding a high recovery rate (98.2–101.4%). This exceptional electrochemical performance was made possible by FeHCF’s redox mediation, π–π stacking, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic attraction, which allow effective dopamine adsorption and charge transfer. It is a very promising and environmentally safe electrochemical technology for real-time dopamine monitoring in biological applications because of its improved sensitivity, wider detection range, and exceptional stability.</p>

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Biomass-Derived NSCQD/FeHCF Hybrid Sensor for Selective and Sensitive Dopamine Detection in Biomedical Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月10日

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  • T. K. Srinivasan,
  • S. Praveen Kumar

摘要

We have developed a biomass-derived nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon quantum dot (NSCQD) integrated iron hexacyanoferrate (FeHCF) hybrid sensor for the highly selective and sensitive detection of dopamine (DA). The NSCQDs were synthesized via a hydrothermal method using Plectranthus amboinicus, a plant-based biomass precursor, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly approach. The formation of a well-defined Prussian blue (PB)-type structure was confirmed by XRD analysis, which revealed distinct diffraction peaks for FeHCF. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis revealed a substantial increase in surface area for NSCQD/FeHCF (128.4 m2/g) in comparison to FeHCF (87.2 m2/g), suggesting enhanced charge transfer capabilities. Electrochemical investigations employing differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) revealed an ultra-low detection limit (LOD) of 75 nM, a broad linear range (0.5–500 µm), and a low oxidation potential (0.215 V vs. Ag/AgCl). Excellent selectivity was demonstrated by the NSCQD/FeHCF sensor, which successfully separated DA from interfering biomolecules, including uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA). The sensor also demonstrated good repeatability (RSD < 3.5%) and outstanding stability, maintaining 95% of its original response after 14 days. Real sample analysis in human urine and dopamine injections confirmed its practicality, yielding a high recovery rate (98.2–101.4%). This exceptional electrochemical performance was made possible by FeHCF’s redox mediation, π–π stacking, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic attraction, which allow effective dopamine adsorption and charge transfer. It is a very promising and environmentally safe electrochemical technology for real-time dopamine monitoring in biological applications because of its improved sensitivity, wider detection range, and exceptional stability.