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<p>N-doped porous carbon encapsulated TiO<sub>2</sub> composites with volcanic rock-like morphology (denoted as TiO<sub>2</sub>/NPC) were synthesized through a one-step high-temperature calcination strategy. This methodology employed polystyrene microspheres as sacrificial templates, dopamine hydrochloride as the nitrogen precursor, and pre-synthesized thin-layer Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene nanosheets as the titanium source. Phase composition analysis revealed the coexistence of anatase and rutile TiO<sub>2</sub> polymorphs in composites carbonized at 600&#xa0;°C and 700&#xa0;°C, whereas complete phase transformation to rutile TiO<sub>2</sub> occurred at 800&#xa0;°C. Systematic investigation of microwave absorption mechanisms demonstrated that the unique three-dimensional volcanic rock-like architecture, coupled with controllable carbonization temperature and nitrogen doping levels, synergistically regulated dielectric loss, conductive dissipation, and impedance matching characteristics. Notably, the composite carbonized at 700&#xa0;°C (designated as NS700) exhibited exceptional microwave attenuation performance when blended with paraffin at 10 wt% loading. The optimized sample achieved a minimum reflection loss of −&#xa0;71.5&#xa0;dB at 9.92&#xa0;GHz with a 2.5-mm coating thickness, accompanied by an effective absorption bandwidth (RL&#xa0;&lt;&#xa0;−&#xa0;10&#xa0;dB) spanning 8.4–12&#xa0;GHz. These findings highlight the MXene-derived TiO<sub>2</sub>/NPC composite as an ultra-lightweight microwave absorber with superior performance metrics, positioning it as a promising candidate for next-generation high-efficiency electromagnetic wave absorption applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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MXene-Derived TiO2 Nanoparticles Embedded in Volcanic Rock-like N-Doped Porous Carbon Architectures Toward Enhanced Microwave Absorption

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月8日

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  • Zelin Yang,
  • Peng Dai,
  • Xuefeng Tang,
  • Zirui Song,
  • Zhongzhu Wang,
  • Haoran Zhen

摘要

N-doped porous carbon encapsulated TiO2 composites with volcanic rock-like morphology (denoted as TiO2/NPC) were synthesized through a one-step high-temperature calcination strategy. This methodology employed polystyrene microspheres as sacrificial templates, dopamine hydrochloride as the nitrogen precursor, and pre-synthesized thin-layer Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets as the titanium source. Phase composition analysis revealed the coexistence of anatase and rutile TiO2 polymorphs in composites carbonized at 600 °C and 700 °C, whereas complete phase transformation to rutile TiO2 occurred at 800 °C. Systematic investigation of microwave absorption mechanisms demonstrated that the unique three-dimensional volcanic rock-like architecture, coupled with controllable carbonization temperature and nitrogen doping levels, synergistically regulated dielectric loss, conductive dissipation, and impedance matching characteristics. Notably, the composite carbonized at 700 °C (designated as NS700) exhibited exceptional microwave attenuation performance when blended with paraffin at 10 wt% loading. The optimized sample achieved a minimum reflection loss of − 71.5 dB at 9.92 GHz with a 2.5-mm coating thickness, accompanied by an effective absorption bandwidth (RL < − 10 dB) spanning 8.4–12 GHz. These findings highlight the MXene-derived TiO2/NPC composite as an ultra-lightweight microwave absorber with superior performance metrics, positioning it as a promising candidate for next-generation high-efficiency electromagnetic wave absorption applications.

Graphical abstract