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<p>In this study, pure and cadmium-doped (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) were employed for efficient dye removal through a photocatalytic approach. The formation of NPs was verified by examination using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Electronic, optical, and lattice defects were analyzed using Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. A considerable redshift indicated that the addition of Cd dopant to Cd-ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NPs improved their optical properties. Under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, these particles showed significant catalytic performance, degrading 86.4% of a 10-ppm rose Bengal (RB) dye solution in 105&#xa0;min. Even after undergoing four cycles, the catalytic performance sustained its strength at 84%, highlighting exceptional structural stability. The improvement can be attributed to increased adsorption capacity and the effective separation of electron–hole pairs during exposure to light. Using vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM), the magnetic properties of the synthesized samples were studied, and the results showed an increase in magnetization from 6.57&#xa0;emu/g to 24.02&#xa0;emu/g. The activation of the superexchange interaction mechanism brought on by the presence of oxygen vacancies was related to this enhancement. The development of advanced materials for spintronics applications and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment is significantly facilitated by these discoveries.</p>

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Investigating Oxygen Vacancies and their Role in Enhanced Photocatalytic and Magnetic Properties of Cadmium-Doped ZnFe2O4 NPs

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月12日

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  • Harita Kumari,
  • Sonia,
  • Surjeet Chahal,
  • Ram Mehar Singh,
  • Ashok Kumar,
  • Rajesh Parmar

摘要

In this study, pure and cadmium-doped (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were employed for efficient dye removal through a photocatalytic approach. The formation of NPs was verified by examination using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Electronic, optical, and lattice defects were analyzed using Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. A considerable redshift indicated that the addition of Cd dopant to Cd-ZnFe2O4 NPs improved their optical properties. Under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, these particles showed significant catalytic performance, degrading 86.4% of a 10-ppm rose Bengal (RB) dye solution in 105 min. Even after undergoing four cycles, the catalytic performance sustained its strength at 84%, highlighting exceptional structural stability. The improvement can be attributed to increased adsorption capacity and the effective separation of electron–hole pairs during exposure to light. Using vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM), the magnetic properties of the synthesized samples were studied, and the results showed an increase in magnetization from 6.57 emu/g to 24.02 emu/g. The activation of the superexchange interaction mechanism brought on by the presence of oxygen vacancies was related to this enhancement. The development of advanced materials for spintronics applications and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment is significantly facilitated by these discoveries.