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<p>This study systematically investigated the deoxidation and inclusion behavior of rare earth lanthanum (La) employed individually or in combination with Al or Si–Mn in molten steel. Thermodynamic calculations and laboratory-scale experiments reveal that La demonstrates excellent deep deoxidation ability, capable of reducing the total oxygen (T.O.) content to 11 ppm. The deoxidation rate increases with increasing initial oxygen content. In La-deoxidized steel, inclusions exist as fine spherical La–Al–(Si/Mg/Ca)–O, with average sizes and number densities reaching 1 <i>μ</i>m and 2 to 4 inclusions/mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. In contrast, composite-deoxidized steels exhibit larger average inclusion sizes (approximately 2 <i>μ</i>m) and higher number densities (7 to 14 inclusions/mm<sup>2</sup>). These inclusions consist of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, SiO<sub>2</sub>, Mn–Si–O, and rare earth inclusions La–Al–O and Mn–Si–La–O. After deoxidation, La is primarily concentrated in the calcium–aluminum phase of the slag, exhibiting a content of 0.2 to 3.3 wt pct. This work provides important insights into rare earth deoxidation, thereby facilitating the high-value utilization of abundant rare earth resources in steelmaking.</p>

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Mechanism of Rare Earth La and Composite Deoxidation in Purifying Molten Steel and Analysis of Inclusion Characteristics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Yu-Hang Liu,
  • Zi-Yu Lyu,
  • Chao Gu,
  • Yan-Ping Bao

摘要

This study systematically investigated the deoxidation and inclusion behavior of rare earth lanthanum (La) employed individually or in combination with Al or Si–Mn in molten steel. Thermodynamic calculations and laboratory-scale experiments reveal that La demonstrates excellent deep deoxidation ability, capable of reducing the total oxygen (T.O.) content to 11 ppm. The deoxidation rate increases with increasing initial oxygen content. In La-deoxidized steel, inclusions exist as fine spherical La–Al–(Si/Mg/Ca)–O, with average sizes and number densities reaching 1 μm and 2 to 4 inclusions/mm2, respectively. In contrast, composite-deoxidized steels exhibit larger average inclusion sizes (approximately 2 μm) and higher number densities (7 to 14 inclusions/mm2). These inclusions consist of Al2O3, SiO2, Mn–Si–O, and rare earth inclusions La–Al–O and Mn–Si–La–O. After deoxidation, La is primarily concentrated in the calcium–aluminum phase of the slag, exhibiting a content of 0.2 to 3.3 wt pct. This work provides important insights into rare earth deoxidation, thereby facilitating the high-value utilization of abundant rare earth resources in steelmaking.