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<p>Chromium (Cr) is an essential alloying element for the stainless steel grades. Unlike most other alloying elements, Cr is typically, added/melted during the primary melting/steelmaking stage, that is, before the deoxidation of the liquid steel. In the present study, controlled melting experiments using alumina crucibles were carried out at 1873&#xa0;K to establish Cr–O equilibria for varying chromium (9.8 to 24.7 wt pct) and initial oxygen (~&#xa0;0.025 to 0.07 wt pct) contents. Alumina and alumina-containing refractories are widely used as lining materials at various stages of conventional as well as emerging processes, such as induction furnace steelmaking. The interaction between refractory and steel melt is crucial, as Al and/or Mg pick-up from the refractory can lead to deviation in the Cr–O equilibria. These secondary reactions between steel and refractory affect chromium yield, refractory life, and the steel cleanness. Thus, apart from solidified steel ingots, a few selected sections of alumina crucibles were also systematically sampled to characterize and evaluate the inclusion characteristics and the crucible (alumina)–steel melt interface, respectively. A passive Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + Cr–Al–O layer was observed at the crucible–steel interface in all the experiments. Interestingly, the aluminium pick-up in the melt was found to be negligible. Thermodynamic analysis was carried out using Wagner’s interaction parameter formalism and FactSage8.4 to support the experimental observations regarding Cr–O equilibria and crucible–steel interactions. Furthermore, manual and automatic inclusion analyses, as well as the high-temperature behaviour of inclusions using a confocal laser scanning microscope, have been studied to substantiate the role of initial and total oxygen content in establishing Cr–O equilibria. Polygonal and irregular-shaped Cr oxide inclusions were observed in both low and high initial oxygen experiments, and additionally, oval/elliptical-shaped inclusions were observed in high initial oxygen experiments.</p>

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Assessment and Investigation of Fe–Cr–O–Cr2O3–Al2O3 System and the Inclusion Characteristics with Varying Initial Oxygen Content

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Sanjay Pindar,
  • Manish M. Pande

摘要

Chromium (Cr) is an essential alloying element for the stainless steel grades. Unlike most other alloying elements, Cr is typically, added/melted during the primary melting/steelmaking stage, that is, before the deoxidation of the liquid steel. In the present study, controlled melting experiments using alumina crucibles were carried out at 1873 K to establish Cr–O equilibria for varying chromium (9.8 to 24.7 wt pct) and initial oxygen (~ 0.025 to 0.07 wt pct) contents. Alumina and alumina-containing refractories are widely used as lining materials at various stages of conventional as well as emerging processes, such as induction furnace steelmaking. The interaction between refractory and steel melt is crucial, as Al and/or Mg pick-up from the refractory can lead to deviation in the Cr–O equilibria. These secondary reactions between steel and refractory affect chromium yield, refractory life, and the steel cleanness. Thus, apart from solidified steel ingots, a few selected sections of alumina crucibles were also systematically sampled to characterize and evaluate the inclusion characteristics and the crucible (alumina)–steel melt interface, respectively. A passive Cr2O3 + Cr–Al–O layer was observed at the crucible–steel interface in all the experiments. Interestingly, the aluminium pick-up in the melt was found to be negligible. Thermodynamic analysis was carried out using Wagner’s interaction parameter formalism and FactSage8.4 to support the experimental observations regarding Cr–O equilibria and crucible–steel interactions. Furthermore, manual and automatic inclusion analyses, as well as the high-temperature behaviour of inclusions using a confocal laser scanning microscope, have been studied to substantiate the role of initial and total oxygen content in establishing Cr–O equilibria. Polygonal and irregular-shaped Cr oxide inclusions were observed in both low and high initial oxygen experiments, and additionally, oval/elliptical-shaped inclusions were observed in high initial oxygen experiments.