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<p>Vacuum treatment is essentially employed in the steelmaking of specialty steel grades to meet the stricter demands regarding steel cleanness. Therefore, a systematic study encompassing the evolution of inclusions during vacuum treatment is required. In the present study, melting experiments have been carried out at 1873 K under high vacuum (0.01 Pa) to investigate the evolution of inclusions in silicon steels containing 0.15 to 6.22 wt pct Si. Inclusion characteristics were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Thermodynamic analysis was carried out using Wagner’s interaction parameter formalism (WIPF) and FactSage8.3. A kinetic model was developed to elucidate the difference between the inclusion composition measured by SEM-EDS and predicted by thermodynamic analysis. Under high vacuum, carbothermal reduction and the dissociation of alumina resulted in the aluminium pick-up into the steel melt, leading to the evolution of silica-based inclusions. Thermodynamic analysis indicated the evolution path as silica → complex Si–Al–O → alumina inclusions. However, the observed inclusions were mostly silica and Si–Al–O-type inclusions, with only a handful of alumina inclusions. The kinetic analysis provided a reasonable explanation to clarify the observed discrepancy between the experimental and thermodynamic analysis of inclusion composition. The present study could be of interest to the steelmakers who employ high-vacuum treatment during refining.</p>

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A Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study of Inclusion Evolution in High Silicon Steel Under High Vacuum

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Sanjay Pindar,
  • Manish M. Pande

摘要

Vacuum treatment is essentially employed in the steelmaking of specialty steel grades to meet the stricter demands regarding steel cleanness. Therefore, a systematic study encompassing the evolution of inclusions during vacuum treatment is required. In the present study, melting experiments have been carried out at 1873 K under high vacuum (0.01 Pa) to investigate the evolution of inclusions in silicon steels containing 0.15 to 6.22 wt pct Si. Inclusion characteristics were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Thermodynamic analysis was carried out using Wagner’s interaction parameter formalism (WIPF) and FactSage8.3. A kinetic model was developed to elucidate the difference between the inclusion composition measured by SEM-EDS and predicted by thermodynamic analysis. Under high vacuum, carbothermal reduction and the dissociation of alumina resulted in the aluminium pick-up into the steel melt, leading to the evolution of silica-based inclusions. Thermodynamic analysis indicated the evolution path as silica → complex Si–Al–O → alumina inclusions. However, the observed inclusions were mostly silica and Si–Al–O-type inclusions, with only a handful of alumina inclusions. The kinetic analysis provided a reasonable explanation to clarify the observed discrepancy between the experimental and thermodynamic analysis of inclusion composition. The present study could be of interest to the steelmakers who employ high-vacuum treatment during refining.