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<p>This study investigated the influence of liquid surface tension on bubble generation and evolution during gas injection into a downward-flowing liquid through physical modeling and theoretical analysis. The results revealed two distinct bubble formation mechanisms depending on varied process conditions. A stable gas curtain could be formed at the orifice with higher surface tension and lower gas flow rate, and bubbles were generated <i>via</i> the bag rupture and tail pinch-off of a gas curtain, resulting in a broad bubble size distribution with large bubbles exceeding 12&#xa0;mm. However, under either lower surface tension or higher gas flow rate, bubbles formed through direct detachment from the orifice without the formation of a gas curtain structure, yielding a narrow size distribution in the range of 2-6&#xa0;mm. A two-dimensional force analysis model characterizing bubble detachment at the orifice was established to provide a predictive formula for the bubble equivalent radius, which showed a good agreement with experimental measurements. This work elucidates&#xa0;the regulatory effects of gas and liquid flow rates on bubble size across varying&#xa0;surface tension conditions, offering a theoretical basis for optimizing argon injection processes&#xa0;to improve&#xa0;refining efficiency.</p>

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Surface Tension Influence on Bubble Formation Regime Transition and Size Prediction of Orifice-Detached Bubbles in Downward Gas–Liquid Flow

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Yu-Weng Qu,
  • Jian-Hua Liu,
  • Yang He,
  • Guo-Fang Li,
  • Wei Li,
  • Shuo Zhang,
  • Yuan-Mei Yang

摘要

This study investigated the influence of liquid surface tension on bubble generation and evolution during gas injection into a downward-flowing liquid through physical modeling and theoretical analysis. The results revealed two distinct bubble formation mechanisms depending on varied process conditions. A stable gas curtain could be formed at the orifice with higher surface tension and lower gas flow rate, and bubbles were generated via the bag rupture and tail pinch-off of a gas curtain, resulting in a broad bubble size distribution with large bubbles exceeding 12 mm. However, under either lower surface tension or higher gas flow rate, bubbles formed through direct detachment from the orifice without the formation of a gas curtain structure, yielding a narrow size distribution in the range of 2-6 mm. A two-dimensional force analysis model characterizing bubble detachment at the orifice was established to provide a predictive formula for the bubble equivalent radius, which showed a good agreement with experimental measurements. This work elucidates the regulatory effects of gas and liquid flow rates on bubble size across varying surface tension conditions, offering a theoretical basis for optimizing argon injection processes to improve refining efficiency.