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<p>Indonesia, as one of the world’s major tin producers, has significant potential to become a source of rare earth elements (REEs). Monazite, a phosphate mineral containing REEs, is typically found in cassiterite placer deposits as well as in tailings from tin mining. Due to its inert phosphate structure and high thermal stability, monazite requires pretreatment to convert the REE-PO<sub>4</sub> structure into an oxide form for efficient extraction. Traditional methods, such as acid and base treatments, involve high concentrations of chemical reagents and produce large amounts of waste. Hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HPSR) is a promising alternative, selectively removing phosphorus from monazite and enhancing REEs extraction efficiency while reducing environmental impact. A series of experiments using HPSR were conducted to evaluate dephosphorization and microstructure evolution during the process. The experiments involved reductions of 0.5&#xa0;g of monazite concentrate at various durations (1, 4, and 7&#xa0;minutes) with a H<sub>2</sub>/Ar gas mixture at 5&#xa0;L/min. SEM-EDX analysis showed phosphorus removal of 71, 93, and 96&#xa0;pct at 1, 4, and 7&#xa0;minutes, respectively. The results demonstrated that extended reduction times enhanced dephosphorization, producing phosphorus-free rare earth oxides, demonstrating HPSR’s potential as an efficient, environmentally friendly REEs purification technology.</p>

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Phosphorus Removal from Monazite Concentrates via Hydrogen Plasma Smelting

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月17日

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  • Faizah ‘Ainur Ridlo,
  • M. Akbar Rhamdhani,
  • Mark I. Pownceby,
  • Deddy C. Nababan,
  • Baihaqi Hakim,
  • Panji Yusuf Erlangga,
  • Shany Sofiah Fauth,
  • Ghanyyah Fahira Ritonga,
  • Yopi Hendrawan,
  • Taufiq Hidayat,
  • Zulfiadi Zulhan

摘要

Indonesia, as one of the world’s major tin producers, has significant potential to become a source of rare earth elements (REEs). Monazite, a phosphate mineral containing REEs, is typically found in cassiterite placer deposits as well as in tailings from tin mining. Due to its inert phosphate structure and high thermal stability, monazite requires pretreatment to convert the REE-PO4 structure into an oxide form for efficient extraction. Traditional methods, such as acid and base treatments, involve high concentrations of chemical reagents and produce large amounts of waste. Hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HPSR) is a promising alternative, selectively removing phosphorus from monazite and enhancing REEs extraction efficiency while reducing environmental impact. A series of experiments using HPSR were conducted to evaluate dephosphorization and microstructure evolution during the process. The experiments involved reductions of 0.5 g of monazite concentrate at various durations (1, 4, and 7 minutes) with a H2/Ar gas mixture at 5 L/min. SEM-EDX analysis showed phosphorus removal of 71, 93, and 96 pct at 1, 4, and 7 minutes, respectively. The results demonstrated that extended reduction times enhanced dephosphorization, producing phosphorus-free rare earth oxides, demonstrating HPSR’s potential as an efficient, environmentally friendly REEs purification technology.