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<p>Understanding the thermodynamic behavior of yttrium in molten steel is critical for controlling inclusion evolution and optimizing steel cleanliness. However, a comprehensive and quantitatively reliable description of the Y–O–S system has remained elusive. A three-dimensional stability diagram of the Y–O–S system in molten iron was constructed based on the Wagner interaction parameter model, incorporating more reliable thermodynamic data from the literature and improved experimental measurements. The diagram delineates the stability regions of Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S, and YS inclusions and is validated against both published data and independent experimental measurements from bearing steels with precisely controlled yttrium additions. This three-dimensional map clarifies the transformation pathways of yttrium inclusions, provides a quantitative framework for designing rare-earth-containing steels with improved cleanliness, and proposes a novel strategy for inclusion control in practical steelmaking.</p>

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Stability Diagram of Y–O–S Inclusions in Molten Steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Jian Kang,
  • Hongpo Wang,
  • Zheyang Lin,
  • Juntong Shen,
  • Yu Wang,
  • Ke Chen

摘要

Understanding the thermodynamic behavior of yttrium in molten steel is critical for controlling inclusion evolution and optimizing steel cleanliness. However, a comprehensive and quantitatively reliable description of the Y–O–S system has remained elusive. A three-dimensional stability diagram of the Y–O–S system in molten iron was constructed based on the Wagner interaction parameter model, incorporating more reliable thermodynamic data from the literature and improved experimental measurements. The diagram delineates the stability regions of Y2O3, Y2O2S, and YS inclusions and is validated against both published data and independent experimental measurements from bearing steels with precisely controlled yttrium additions. This three-dimensional map clarifies the transformation pathways of yttrium inclusions, provides a quantitative framework for designing rare-earth-containing steels with improved cleanliness, and proposes a novel strategy for inclusion control in practical steelmaking.