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<p>On the complex phenomenon of slag or molten steel splashing in the oxygen steelmaking process, limited quantitative research exists. A comprehensive modeling framework integrates a three-dimensional two-phase flow model with a Volume of Fluid–Discrete Phase Model two-way conversion coupled Eulerian wall film model. This enables precise tracking of splashing generation, droplet evolution, and distribution characteristics. High-speed imaging droplet splashing experiments validated the model based on similarity principles, comparing splashing mass and impact crater morphology. Numerical studies examined splashing under different modes and blowing numbers (<i>N</i><sub><i>B</i></sub>), along with droplet quantity, size, and spatiotemporal distributions across varying blowing durations. Liquid film characteristics were also analyzed. Results show distinct splashing behaviors: in dimpling mode (<i>N</i><sub><i>B</i></sub>&#xa0;&lt;&#xa0;1), minimal splashing occurs with few droplets; in splashing mode (<i>N</i><sub><i>B</i></sub>&#xa0;&gt;&#xa0;1), more droplets form with uniform distribution, reducing large liquid films. At lower lance heights (0.1&#xa0;m), large liquid films predominate over discrete droplets. Higher heights enhance peripheral droplet dispersion; increased flow rates expand splashing height, boosting droplet counts and wall film areas. Wall films concentrate at the bottom and lower sidewalls, with maximum bottom mass (24.479&#xa0;g) at low heights, and larger sidewall areas at higher ones. Optimal conditions: lance height of 0.15&#xa0;m and top-blowing flow rate of 11.31&#xa0;Nm<sup>3</sup>/h (<i>N</i><sub><i>B</i></sub>&#xa0;=&#xa0;2.63), yielding 1009 droplets, sizes mainly 3–4&#xa0;mm, and residence times 0.5–0.6&#xa0;s, optimizing spatiotemporal distribution. This paper achieves precise tracking of the entire splash generation and droplet evolution processes, obtaining their distribution characteristics, providing a theoretical basis for controlling precise splash distribution.</p>

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Investigation of Droplet Splashing Behavior Relevant to Molten Steel Flow: A Full-Scale Water Model Study Using VOF–DPM and Eulerian Wall Film Model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月9日

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  • Liangyu Zhang,
  • Fengsheng Qi,
  • Zhongqiu Liu,
  • Sherman C. P. Cheung,
  • Baokuan Li

摘要

On the complex phenomenon of slag or molten steel splashing in the oxygen steelmaking process, limited quantitative research exists. A comprehensive modeling framework integrates a three-dimensional two-phase flow model with a Volume of Fluid–Discrete Phase Model two-way conversion coupled Eulerian wall film model. This enables precise tracking of splashing generation, droplet evolution, and distribution characteristics. High-speed imaging droplet splashing experiments validated the model based on similarity principles, comparing splashing mass and impact crater morphology. Numerical studies examined splashing under different modes and blowing numbers (NB), along with droplet quantity, size, and spatiotemporal distributions across varying blowing durations. Liquid film characteristics were also analyzed. Results show distinct splashing behaviors: in dimpling mode (NB < 1), minimal splashing occurs with few droplets; in splashing mode (NB > 1), more droplets form with uniform distribution, reducing large liquid films. At lower lance heights (0.1 m), large liquid films predominate over discrete droplets. Higher heights enhance peripheral droplet dispersion; increased flow rates expand splashing height, boosting droplet counts and wall film areas. Wall films concentrate at the bottom and lower sidewalls, with maximum bottom mass (24.479 g) at low heights, and larger sidewall areas at higher ones. Optimal conditions: lance height of 0.15 m and top-blowing flow rate of 11.31 Nm3/h (NB = 2.63), yielding 1009 droplets, sizes mainly 3–4 mm, and residence times 0.5–0.6 s, optimizing spatiotemporal distribution. This paper achieves precise tracking of the entire splash generation and droplet evolution processes, obtaining their distribution characteristics, providing a theoretical basis for controlling precise splash distribution.