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<p>This study investigated the effects of Mg and S contents on inclusion characteristics in Si–Mn deoxidized 304 stainless steel <i>via</i> laboratory experiments at 1873 K (1600 °C) under controlled Mg/S ratios. Inclusion evolution during solidification and cooling was monitored by water quenching and furnace cooling, with inclusion type, composition, number density, and size distribution characterized. Thermodynamic calculations and density functional theory (DFT) simulations clarified modification mechanisms and heterogeneous nucleation potential. Results show that Mg addition drove inclusion compositional evolution: with increasing Mg, phases transformed as SiO<sub>2</sub>–MnO → SiO<sub>2</sub>–MnO–MgO → SiO<sub>2</sub>–2MgO, validated by thermodynamic calculations on equilibrium phases in molten steel and during cooling/solidification. Mg-containing inclusions had smaller critical nucleation sizes (0.3 to 0.4 <i>vs</i> 0.6 to 0.8 nm for SiO<sub>2</sub>–MnO inclusion) and lower coarsening rates, enabling effective refinement. Furthermore, optimal S content in the 304 stainless steel (0.0022 to 0.0032 mass pct) facilitated MnS heterogeneous nucleation on Mg-bearing oxides to form fine “core–shell” oxysulfides. DFT simulations confirmed highly negative interfacial binding energies across low-index planes, verifying strong nucleation capability.</p>

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Effect of Mg and S Content on Inclusion Characteristics in 304 Stainless Steel During Solidification

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月5日

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  • Fukang Li,
  • Chengsong Liu,
  • Yong Wang,
  • Yaowu Wei,
  • Hua Zhang,
  • Hongwei Ni

摘要

This study investigated the effects of Mg and S contents on inclusion characteristics in Si–Mn deoxidized 304 stainless steel via laboratory experiments at 1873 K (1600 °C) under controlled Mg/S ratios. Inclusion evolution during solidification and cooling was monitored by water quenching and furnace cooling, with inclusion type, composition, number density, and size distribution characterized. Thermodynamic calculations and density functional theory (DFT) simulations clarified modification mechanisms and heterogeneous nucleation potential. Results show that Mg addition drove inclusion compositional evolution: with increasing Mg, phases transformed as SiO2–MnO → SiO2–MnO–MgO → SiO2–2MgO, validated by thermodynamic calculations on equilibrium phases in molten steel and during cooling/solidification. Mg-containing inclusions had smaller critical nucleation sizes (0.3 to 0.4 vs 0.6 to 0.8 nm for SiO2–MnO inclusion) and lower coarsening rates, enabling effective refinement. Furthermore, optimal S content in the 304 stainless steel (0.0022 to 0.0032 mass pct) facilitated MnS heterogeneous nucleation on Mg-bearing oxides to form fine “core–shell” oxysulfides. DFT simulations confirmed highly negative interfacial binding energies across low-index planes, verifying strong nucleation capability.