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<p>Non-metallic inclusions are desired to be removed from liquid steel to improve its cleanliness. Separation of inclusions from the steel/slag interface is essential for this process and has been studied primarily through cold and hot experiments as well as mathematical analysis. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art analytical solutions for the force balance on inclusions at the interface and CFD simulations for the separation process. It demonstrates that the presence of a liquid steel film has a significant impact on the behavior of inclusions at the interface. The deformation of the steel/slag interface can be well described from CFD simulations. The experimental techniques for observing the separation process, namely water model experiments, high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy (HT-CSLM) and direct force measurements using an atomic force microscope (AFM), are reviewed. The water model records the separation process of millimeter-sized particles at the water/oil or water/air interface. However, the separation mechanism might change when the particle size decreases from millimeters to micrometers. The separation time can be recorded from HT-CSLM observations, whereas the shape of the deformed steel/slag interface cannot be captured using this technique. The quasi-static detachment (vertical net) force can be measured directly from the AFM tests. At the steel/slag interface, inclusion dissolution can significantly influence the detachment process by modifying particle composition/morphology and altering the local surface tension of the slag. These changes affect the behavior of inclusions at the steel/slag interface. Consequently, future research should aim to quantify the effects of dissolution with respect to slag composition, particle size, and geometry to enhance the accuracy of predictive models. Further investigation is also needed into the role of contact angle hysteresis induced by particle shape and surface defects, as well as the undulation of the triple-phase contact line in the inclusion separation process. Additionally, the impact of neighboring inclusions on the separation process warrants a more comprehensive study.</p>

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Separation of Non-metallic Inclusions at the Steel/Slag Interface: A Critical Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月28日

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  • Zilong Qiu,
  • Annelies Malfliet,
  • Bart Blanpain,
  • Muxing Guo

摘要

Non-metallic inclusions are desired to be removed from liquid steel to improve its cleanliness. Separation of inclusions from the steel/slag interface is essential for this process and has been studied primarily through cold and hot experiments as well as mathematical analysis. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art analytical solutions for the force balance on inclusions at the interface and CFD simulations for the separation process. It demonstrates that the presence of a liquid steel film has a significant impact on the behavior of inclusions at the interface. The deformation of the steel/slag interface can be well described from CFD simulations. The experimental techniques for observing the separation process, namely water model experiments, high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy (HT-CSLM) and direct force measurements using an atomic force microscope (AFM), are reviewed. The water model records the separation process of millimeter-sized particles at the water/oil or water/air interface. However, the separation mechanism might change when the particle size decreases from millimeters to micrometers. The separation time can be recorded from HT-CSLM observations, whereas the shape of the deformed steel/slag interface cannot be captured using this technique. The quasi-static detachment (vertical net) force can be measured directly from the AFM tests. At the steel/slag interface, inclusion dissolution can significantly influence the detachment process by modifying particle composition/morphology and altering the local surface tension of the slag. These changes affect the behavior of inclusions at the steel/slag interface. Consequently, future research should aim to quantify the effects of dissolution with respect to slag composition, particle size, and geometry to enhance the accuracy of predictive models. Further investigation is also needed into the role of contact angle hysteresis induced by particle shape and surface defects, as well as the undulation of the triple-phase contact line in the inclusion separation process. Additionally, the impact of neighboring inclusions on the separation process warrants a more comprehensive study.