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<p>The indirect method for fabricating metal components is cost-effective; however, it suffers from issues such as low density and reduced mechanical strength. In this paper, 316L stainless steel components are fabricated by Debinding-Sintering Fused Filament Fabrication (DS-FFF) technology. The effects of copper doping on densification, microstructure, mechanics, antimicrobial, and corrosion resistance of sintered components are studied. It is found that the sintered parts can obtain the maximum tensile strength and elongation when approximately 0.44&#xa0;wt&#xa0;pct copper is added to the green part. This improvement is mainly because proper copper doping induces a transient liquid phase, promoting particle rearrangement and densification. Copper doping endows sintered parts with excellent antibacterial properties. However, the impact on corrosion resistance is complex; while solid solution copper can improve resistance, the addition of excessive copper (exceeding 2.18&#xa0;wt&#xa0;pct) leads to the formation of Kirkendall pores and Cu-rich precipitates, which locally destroy the passivation film. The precise optimal levels of copper addition depend on the trade-off between densification and micro-galvanic corrosion. This work indicates that a moderate addition of copper contributes positively to densification, mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance.</p>

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Influence of Copper Doping on the Microstructure and Performances of DS-FFF 316L Components

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • Xinfeng Kan,
  • Wei Li

摘要

The indirect method for fabricating metal components is cost-effective; however, it suffers from issues such as low density and reduced mechanical strength. In this paper, 316L stainless steel components are fabricated by Debinding-Sintering Fused Filament Fabrication (DS-FFF) technology. The effects of copper doping on densification, microstructure, mechanics, antimicrobial, and corrosion resistance of sintered components are studied. It is found that the sintered parts can obtain the maximum tensile strength and elongation when approximately 0.44 wt pct copper is added to the green part. This improvement is mainly because proper copper doping induces a transient liquid phase, promoting particle rearrangement and densification. Copper doping endows sintered parts with excellent antibacterial properties. However, the impact on corrosion resistance is complex; while solid solution copper can improve resistance, the addition of excessive copper (exceeding 2.18 wt pct) leads to the formation of Kirkendall pores and Cu-rich precipitates, which locally destroy the passivation film. The precise optimal levels of copper addition depend on the trade-off between densification and micro-galvanic corrosion. This work indicates that a moderate addition of copper contributes positively to densification, mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance.