Wear and Surface Characteristics of Additively Manufactured Ti–6Al–4V ELI Under DPBS Conditions
摘要
Additive manufacturing is a cutting-edge technology that has been recently used to fabricate implants of various materials, including titanium and stainless steel. The accurate evaluation of surface and wear performance of implants is crucial for predicting long-term reliability. Therefore, this work investigates the wear and surface characteristics of additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V ELI under different conditions. The reciprocating tribology tests were performed at various loads and displacement frequencies in both dry and Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS, without calcium and magnesium) lubricated environments. The wear track parameters, including average depth, width, and arithmetic roughness (as defined in ISO 4287), were measured using a Sensofar microscope. The 3D surface morphology and underlying wear mechanisms were further analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results show that DPBS lubrication reduces the average wear volume by approximately 77 pct, the total average specific wear rate by 74 pct, and the total average surface roughness by 24 pct compared to dry conditions, primarily through the formation of a protective tribolayer that minimizes surface damage and wear debris generation.