<p>An analysis of minimum creep rates <i>vs.</i> time to failure is a suggested approach to the evaluation of long-term creep rupture. But this requires constancy of this relation over all test conditions. This paper therefore used the 4-<i>θ</i> methodology to study in more detail the role of creep mechanisms in determining the nature of this relationship and from this, the stability of the relationship. It was found that the Monkman–Grant constant depended negatively on the rate of damage accumulation, the initial strain rate, and the rate of hardening, but positively on the strain at failure. It was also found that at 833&#xa0;K and a high stress, <i>θ</i><sub>4</sub> was the major determinant of failure times. But as the stress level fell, the parameters <i>θ</i><sub>3</sub> and <i>θ</i><sub>1</sub> become more important. The growing importance of <i>θ</i><sub>3</sub> with decreasing stress implies a bigger role for damage accumulation with decreasing stress (as <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11661_2025_7905_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\hat{\text{W}}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mover accent="true"> <mtext>W</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> = 1/<i>θ</i><sub>3</sub>). At the highest stress, the rate of softening was the biggest contributor to variations in failure time but with decreasing stress, damage accumulation and hardening play a bigger role in determining the variation in failure times.</p>

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The Relative Importance of Creep Hardening, Softening, and Damage in the Determination of Creep Failure Using a Monkman–Grant-Type Relation Derived Within the 4-θ Methodology

  • M. Evans

摘要

An analysis of minimum creep rates vs. time to failure is a suggested approach to the evaluation of long-term creep rupture. But this requires constancy of this relation over all test conditions. This paper therefore used the 4-θ methodology to study in more detail the role of creep mechanisms in determining the nature of this relationship and from this, the stability of the relationship. It was found that the Monkman–Grant constant depended negatively on the rate of damage accumulation, the initial strain rate, and the rate of hardening, but positively on the strain at failure. It was also found that at 833 K and a high stress, θ4 was the major determinant of failure times. But as the stress level fell, the parameters θ3 and θ1 become more important. The growing importance of θ3 with decreasing stress implies a bigger role for damage accumulation with decreasing stress (as \({\hat{\text{W}}}\) W ^  = 1/θ3). At the highest stress, the rate of softening was the biggest contributor to variations in failure time but with decreasing stress, damage accumulation and hardening play a bigger role in determining the variation in failure times.