<p>This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors of Fractional Vegetation Coverage (FVC) in the Taihang mountainous area from 2000 to 2022, using the Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen median analysis, coefficient of variation (<i>C</i>_<i>v</i>), and the Optimal Parameter Geographic Detector (OPGD). FVC plays a critical role in mountain ecosystems by enhancing soil moisture retention, reducing erosion risk, stabilizing slopes, and indicating vegetation vitality and resilience in environmentally sensitive regions. As an essential ecological safety barrier for the North China Plain, understanding FVC variations in the Taihang Mountains is imperative for environmental protection and sustainable development in ecologically fragile mountainous areas. Results reveal a transition from low-grade to high-grade FVC, with an average annual increase of 0.004 and notable fluctuations. Improved areas accounted for 92.37% of the total, while degraded areas comprised only 6.26%. Spatially, FVC exhibits significant heterogeneity, with low coverage in the north and high coverage in the south. The coefficient of variation indicates generally low volatility, with lower <i>Cv</i> values in the south and east and higher values in the north and west. Mean annual temperature (Mat), mean annual precipitation (Map), and aspect (Asp) are identified as the primary driving factors. Interaction analyses demonstrate an enhancement effect, with combinations of natural environmental and socioeconomic factors exerting particularly significant impacts.</p>